Training Activity Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Training Activity - Coursework Example The general staff needs to be trained to follow the policies and procedures of the new company, Massive Computers. Each organization has a different culture and the new company’s culture and way of doing things must be communicated across to the employees so that they may adjust to the new environment and feel a part of the group. Of course, the new management needs to filter out candidates who they feel are not going to be part of the new regime. These employees can be made redundant based on age, qualifications, work experience with the company and a number of other criteria including, but not limited to, ability to adapt to surroundings. The remaining ones should then be notified of their job security so that they will be motivated and be willing to co-operate and be a part of the new training program. Whatever the management has planned for the long-term future of the company should be communicated to the employees so as to avoid ambiguity, apprehensiveness and make them f eel a part of the group. Short-term operational planning decisions should also be communicated here. Employees can be trained by their supervisors and should be fully trained and motivated for work, preferably in under a month. Program 2 – Middle Management The middle management should be given training regarding the tactical side of things and be communicated the medium term objectives so that they may be able to handle their subordinates.... They should also be trained to keep employees motivated and aligned with the organizational goals so as to ensure that nobody falls off-track. Middle-level managers can be provided training in areas which were previously not under their control but would now be under the new management. The training division, in collaboration with the local HR department should provide this training to the middle-management and the entire process should be concluded in a matter of two weeks. Program 3 – Senior Management The senior management should be provided training pertaining to the strategic aspects of conducting business. The surviving members of the old management should be brought up to date with the methods being used by their American colleagues. Empowerment techniques should also be taught so as to help these members of the senior management feel comfortable when delegating authority and learning to trust their subordinates. Since most of the senior management comprises of American s, they should be trained to learn aspects of the Australian culture that are relevant to conducting business here so as to better understand their employees and the working environment. This program should be conducted in an informal, off-the-job setting such as at a hotel suite, where the new and old members can get to know each other in a relaxed atmosphere and exchange ideas. The local executives can teach their American counterparts about the Australian culture whereas the Americans can teach the locals about how they want things to work and what direction they expect the company to be heading in. The duration of the meeting should be kept short and must be concluded in under one week at best. Training Evaluation Evaluation is a

Home Mortgage Loan Essay Example for Free

Home Mortgage Loan Essay Shopping around for the best mortgage is a process similar to the acquisition of any other product. A borrower should first shop around for the best loan, then compare the terms, rates and costs being offered. Finally, the borrower should negotiate for the most advantageous deal. The first step is to obtain information from various lenders. It is important to be aware of the different types of lenders, such as banks, mortgage companies and credit unions. The terms of the mortgage may vary with the type of lending institution. As such it is advisable to consider several institutions. It is also important to determine whether or not the person or institution being dealt with is acting as a lender or a broker, and the nature of compensation paid to the person or institution. This is because brokers are often paid fees other than those paid to the lender. The borrower should consider both the interest rate and the additional fees being charged. If the additional cost of paying points is too high, the lower interest rate will not necessarily result in a better financial deal. The second step is to compare the important cost information from the various lending institutions. The borrower should always keep in mind the desired amount of a down payment, and should use this as a basis to research the costs that will be involved in the loan. The loan amount, loan term and type of loan should be clarified in order to enable the borrower to compare the information. The borrower should also consider the nature of the rates offered, and whether it is an adjustable-rate loan. Another point to deliberate is the annual percentage rate of the loan. This is in order to better consider the yearly rate of the points, fees and other credit charges. Other factors to compare include the lender’s requirements for a down payment, and any special programs offered by the lender. Next, the borrower should negotiate for the best deal. Lenders and brokers often offer different consumers with the same qualifications different prices for the same loan terms. These differences can often be attributed to the amount of compensation kept by the loan officers and brokers. One negotiation tactic is to ask the lender or broker to reduce or waive certain fees or to lower the number of points for the loan. Borrowers should be wary of lenders or brokers who appear to lower or waive one fee while raising another fee or increasing points. Finally, when the borrower is satisfied with the negotiated terms, it is often advisable for the borrower to obtain a lock-in from the lender or broker. This lock-in should include the agreed rate, period and number of points to be paid. When obtaining a mortgage, a borrower should first educate himself as to the terms, rates and costs offered by a variety of lending institutions. He or she should then compare the important costs for the transaction. The borrower should then negotiate for the best deal. By taking the time to follow this process, a person will not only be more educated as to the nature of their mortgage, but they may also save a considerable amount of money.

Animal-Assisted Therapy (AAT) Essay -- Animal-Assisted Therapy Essays

For many humans, a pet provides unconditional love and affection. Others feel an overwhelming calming, happy feeling when they are around animals. According to The American Veterinary Medical Association, studies have shown that due to these positive emotions that are stirred, the presence of and interaction with animals can lower heart rates and blood pressure. Animals that meet specific training criteria can become an integral part of a treatment process for a variety of psychological and physiological problems. Animal-Assisted Therapy (AAT), which can be provided in a group or individual settings, is designed to promote improvement in a human’s physical, social, emotional, or cognitive function. An article by Chitic, Rusu, and Szamoskozi (2012) provides an analysis in order to determine the value of AAT. Both dogs and horses that were trained for AAT were examined and studied to determine their effectiveness in treating patients with psychological disorders. The results showed that both therapy dogs and horses were valuable aids to the therapeutic process. The analysis suggests that proper training and repeated sessions were necessary for proper treatment of patients. In addition, certain disorders may benefit more than others in regards to AAT. For example, a child with ADHD may not benefit from a therapy dog’s presence, for it may worsen the hyperactive symptoms. On the other hand, a patient with depression may benefit greatly from the same animal (Chitic, Rusu, Szamoskozi, 2012). These findings are a perfect starting point to answering the research question: Do patients who engage in AAT display a betterment in their overall emotional well-being, as well as show improvement in their interpersonal interactions... ...dren with Pervasive Developmental Disorders." Western Journal of Nursing Research 24.6 (2002): 657-70. Print. Motomura, Naoyasu, Takayoshi Yagi, and Hitomi Ohyama. "Animal Assisted Therapy for People with Dementia." Psychogeriatrics 4.2 (2004): 40-42. Print. Tyberg, Amy, and William H. Frishman. "Chapter 6 - Animal-Assisted Therapy."Complementary and Integrative Medicine in Pain Management. By Michael I. Weintraub, Ravinder Mamtani, and Marc S. Micozzi. New York: Springer Pub., 2008. 115-24. Print. O’Conner-Von, Susan. "Chapter 14 - Animal-Assisted Therapy."Complementary & Alternative Therapies in Nursing. New York: Springer, 2010. 207-23. Print. Zilcha-Mano, Sigal, Mario Mikulincer, and Phillip R. Shaver. "Pet in the Therapy Room: An Attachment Perspective on Animal-Assisted Therapy." Attachment & Human Development 13.6 (2011): 541-61. Print.

Slavery in America :: Slavery Essays

Slavery in America By 1850, ninety-two percent of all American blacks were concentrated in the South, and about 95 percent were slaves. Pre-civil war slaves in America went through a great deal of turmoil and discontent in the South. Slavery has had a huge effect on our country. Many slaves were beaten to death and some did not survive the ruff life of slavery. Slavery then went on to cause the War between the North and the South known as the â€Å"Civil War†. In 1916, a Dutch ship brought twenty enslaved Africans to a Virginia Colony at Jamestown. Slaves were sold all over the United States to work on small farms and plantations. The slaves worked hard day in and day out to finish their jobs. Slave owners would whip and beat the slaves that would not work right or that tried to escape the plantation. Many times on a small farm the master would be in the field watching the slaves. Usually on larger farms the master would hire an overseer to make sure the slaves work and do not try to escape. (Slavery in America)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Slaves were taken from several areas of Africa such as Timbuktu, Benin, and Fut Tur. The African west coast was a very dangerous place during the triangular slave trade. First, the slave traders leave Europe and are directed to African West coast. Then they go from African West coast to West Indies or America. Finally they sail home from America. A complete trip lasts about 12 months. Slaves were brought by ships from Africa to be sold in America. (Pre-Civil War)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Runaway slaves used the Underground Railroad to escape slavery. They used the North Star for guidance to the northern United States. They would travel through waterways, swamps, forests, mountains, and back roads to escape slavery. Free blacks, Quakers, whites, and Native Americans would also help the slaves escape.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In conclusion I have learned that slaves in the Pre-civil war ear went through a great deal of trial and tribulation.

Nike in Brazil: a Host Country View

Negative effects of Nike from Brazil’s point of view Brazil is rapidly privatizing many industries and its attitude toward a free market economy has changed significantly in the past 10 years. However, it seems the country still has a perception that often times associates capitalism with â€Å"greedy† developed countries. If the opinion of Brazil’s president is a reflection of how some of its people feel this is certainly the case. In 2008, Brazil’s president lambasted US corporations and the US government for â€Å"infecting his nation with problems that were not of its making (The New York Times, 2008). This attitude seems to have created some problems for Brazilians in terms of their view of Nike. The kind of leverage and control that such a large company can exert on football in the country is huge. This issue was thrown into the light when in 1998 the Brazilian national team lost in the World Cup finals to France. Earlier on in the year, Nike had in vested a record amount ($200 million US) for the right to sponsor the Brazilian national team in the World Cup. As a requisite for sponsorship, Nike demanded that the team play an inordinate amount of exhibition games leading up to the event. Many Brazilians, including Brazilian football legend Pele (who filed a lawsuit against Nike), still blame Nike for Brazil’s loss. They claim that the unusual number of exhibition games tired the players out. Similarly, another interesting problem is Nike’s effect on competition in Brazil. Nike’s recent acquisition of UK sporting wear company Umbro allowed it to eclipse Adidas as the biggest brand in the world of football (The Financial Times, 2007). This is particularly troubling for Brazilian retailers, who worry about the concentration of brands between two large Multi-Nationals and the effect this might have on their business. Lastly, as with many interactions between MNC’s and developing countries environmental issues have been a problem. Brazil is a massive supplier of leather used for products like Nike shoes. However, much of the cattle that the leather comes from graze on what was once Amazon rain forest. A host of Brazilian ranchers have clear-cut entire swaths of rainforest in an attempt to make room for more cattle. This goes against Brazil’s need to preserve what is arguably its most precious natural resource (The Ends Report, 2009). In future business interactions, Nike needs to be weary of using tactics that could be perceived by the Brazilian people as greedy, dominating, or imperialistic. Such tactics may erode trust within the Brazilian population and could turn out to be a bigger PR headache than they are worth. Advantages of having Nike in Brazil from Brazil’s point of view On the other hand, the fact that Nike is such a large and powerful company can have its benefits for the Brazilian people. With its enormous buying capability Nike can actually shift the way products are produced in some countries by pressuring suppliers. As was discussed earlier, Nike has been using leather procured from suppliers who have clear-cut forests in order to make room for their cattle. However, in August of last year, Nike along with help from Greenpeace enacted a set of regulations that all its suppliers must follow. The policies included a rule against clear-cutting, as well as other important environmental conventions. It seems that where there are problems between Brazil and Nike, there are also opportunities (The Ends Report, 2009). Programs like this are exactly what Nike needs. Not only do they foster trust and goodwill, they also facilitate much needed changes in Brazil. Without Nike the changes in the Brazilian leather industry might be difficult to encourage. The cattle lobby in Brazil is well funded and has many political ties making initiatives that may affect productivity hard to pass. However, it seems that environmentally conscious Brazilians have found a solution and a partner in Nike. In addition, Nike also decided to make its entire 2010 World Cup kit (a collection of football clothing) out of recycled bottles. This initiative took 13 million plastic bottles out of landfills. Furthermore, the Nike project created an association between Brazil and sustainability that will be seen all over the world (Al-Bawaba Reporters, 2010). Lastly, in recent years Nike has invested enormous amounts of money in the Brazilian football infrastructure. Nike is one of the chief supporters of the Brazilian Football Confederation and has extended its contract with this association until 2018. In addition, Nike also sponsors all three of the largest football teams in the country (Sports Marketing Quarterly, 2006). This reflects a direct commitment to improving and fostering football in the Brazil. The support of such a large sporting powerhouse seems to have had some positive effects on Brazil in terms of their attractiveness as a host for future events. In the past year, Brazil secured the 2014 world cup. This event is extremely lucrative for local vendors (among other parties) and will allow Brazil to display its incredible culture on a worldwide scale. Bibliography

Writing Assignment #3 “Luck” Essays

Reading/Writing Assignment #3 â€Å"Luck† Essays Reading/Writing Assignment #3 â€Å"Luck† Essay Reading/Writing Assignment #3 â€Å"Luck† Essay Reading/Writing Assignment #3 â€Å"Luck† 1. In Greek Mythology, King Midas was a Phrygian king. He was given the ability to turn everything he touched into gold by Dionysus. The Midas touch can be interpreted as the ability to make money or the ability to make success. Mark Twain applies this in the story â€Å"Luck† by comparing Scoresby with King Midas. Because every blunder Scoresby made turned into something worth praising about, it seemed like he had the Midas touch. 2. A close reading is a detailed analyzing of a specific passage or poem. It is like using a magnifying glass to zoom in to see the details. It is used to explain characters, situations, ideas, word selections and etc. 3. By analyzing the two paragraphs in depth, the reader gets a better understanding of the style of Twain’s writing. In the essay, the vocabulary is examined in detail and the choice of words is compared to the situations and the settings. Based on these examinations, the essay explains how they are directly relevant to Twain’s comical sense. When reading the whole story, the reader does not get the comedy in his writing. However, when in depth, it comes out. 4. According to Dictionary. com, a sketch is a brief usually descriptive and informal essay or other literary composition. A sketch may have very little or no plot at all. Twain’s â€Å"Luck† is more of a sketch than a short story because it didn’t have that much of a plot. It focused mainly on the impression and thought of the reverend on Scoresby. 5. I have never experienced a situation similar to the one in â€Å"Luck†. I might have, but I just do not remember. However, I can relate to the reverend’s situation if I put myself into the story. For example, if I happened to be working at a mid-level office job and one of my co-workers had gotten promoted because of a blunder, I would be furious. I would feel even worse if I had helped him out. He would not know what to do in the upper-level job and he might make even more mistakes and ruin everything! Hopefully I never have to experience this in real life.

Sample Example Paragraph - Junk Food Junkie

Sample Example Paragraph - Junk Food Junkie One way to make our writing more vivid and interesting is to add examples that support a main point. The following student  paragraph is clearly organized and effectively developed with specific examples. The one thing the paragraph lacks is a satisfactory concluding sentence. Respond to the questions that follow Junk Food Junkie, and see if you can come up with a good ending for the paragraph. Junk Food Junkie I confess: I am the worst junk food junkie in this great gluttonous galaxy of sugar, salt, and fat. You can keep your lentils, granola, and prunes. I want calories and carbohydrates, burgers and fries. Within minutes after waking up grouchy and puffy eyed in the morning, I stumble to the kitchen and pour myself a tall glass of ice cold Pepsi. Ahh! My tongue tingles and my eyes pop open. I then have the energy to eat. I rummage through the refrigerator, push aside the yogurt and apples, and there it is: a slice of congealed pepperoni pizza. Thats enough to get me off to school and through my first class. Of course, I then head to the store on my first break for a Snickers bar and a Diet Mountain Dew. The lite soft drink, you see, compensates for the calories in the candy. An hour or two later, for lunch, I gobble down a row of Golden Double Stuf Oreos and a peanut butter sandwich, all sloshed down with a pint of chocolate milk. Later in the afternoon I stop at Five Guys to devour a do uble bacon cheeseburger and a monster order of sodium-loaded fries. Finally, before going to bed, I knock off a bag of Philly Cheese Steak Rippled Potato Chipsdripping with onion dip. Study Questions The writer uses chronological order to organize her examples. List the time transitions that you find in the paragraph.  (See  Cohesion Strategies: Transitional Words and Phrases.)Identify the short sentences used by the writer to guide us from the Pepsi example to the pizza example.What sentence does the writer use to guide us from the pizza example to the next example?Create a sentence that you think would conclude this sentence effectively. For sample responses to these study questions, go to page two. Here are sample responses to the study questions that accompany the student paragraph developed with examplesJunk Food Junkieon page one. (1) The time transitions in this paragraph include Within minutes after waking, then, An hour or two later, Later, and Finally.(2) and (3) These sentences should be easy to spot:- Ahh! My tongue tingles and my eyes pop open. I then have the energy to eat.- Thats enough to get me off to school and through my first class.Note that complete sentencesas well as individual words and phrasescan be used to make smooth transitions in a paragraph.(4) Various answers are possible. Heres the concluding sentence that appeared in the students original paragraph: Only then do I drift off to sleep, counting onion rings in the deep fry and hot dogs on the grill. See also: Sample Example Paragraph: Confessions of a Slob.

Social Realism Essays - Art Movements, Art History, Modern Art

Social Realism Essays - Art Movements, Art History, Modern Art Social Realism Social Realism In Art Social realism, in art, describes both a specific stylistic approach and an overall attitude toward the subject. Social realism aims toward the not so lovely part of life. Its goal is not to amuse but to show the observer the evils of poverty , immorality and war. Social Realists believed that paintings should describe and express the people, their problems and their times. The roots of social realism lie in the 18th century. Some of the artists involved in the start of social realism are William Hogarth, Francisco de Goya and Honor Daumier. William Hogarth attacked drunkenness and foolish extravagance with his engravings of the 1730's to the '50's. Goya had a series of horrifying etchings titled The Disasters of War. Daumier had satiricial lithographs of the 1830's to '40's, that reflect deep social concern. Social realism painting declined, in France, after the 1860's which was the time it became important in Great Britian. Sir Luke Fildes's Applicants for Admission to a Casual Ward, Frank Holl's Newgate: Committed for Trial, and Hubert Herkomer's Pressing to the West depict grimy scenes of urban poverty. In the 1900's the British social realist tradition was carried on in the United States by the Ashcan school. After 1920 its emphasis was carried on by several major American painters. Ben Shahn was one of the artists in the 1920's and early '30's. He showed laborers and other victims of the Depression as well as scenes of the Sacco and Vanzetti trial and execution. Also Ivan Albright and Edward Hopper focused on the isolation of individual people in a society.

Bank strategy & performance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Bank strategy & performance - Essay Example nd communication technologies by the banking sector are – â€Å"cost-reduction, mergers and acquisitions, strategic alliances, competition, globalization, operational risks, cost reduction, time to market, surging volumes, e-commerce, enhancing flexibility, business diversification such as non-financial services and becoming ‘‘service aggregators’’, etc† (Centeno, 295). Holding a desirable market share, enhancement of cost efficiency and expanding the reach to customers are the main reasons why banks use the Internet banking facility. On an overall basis, IT investment in banks especially in hardware, software and IT related services are assumed to bring about improvement in bank performance. However a research shows that despite the banks being one of the key investors in IT, there is little association between IT related investment and the efficiency of bank operations. This gives rise to a contradiction in profitability. However the impact is mixed for different products. For instance, investment in IT services seems to bear a positive impact on accounting profits and profitability. On the other hand, investment in hardware and software related products tend to reduce the performance of banks. There might be certain factors working behind it. For instance, there could be lowering of entry barriers, which lead to loss in market power. (Beccalli, 2007, p.2229) Technology of Internet banking is changing pretty fast. Essentially the technologies in rural markets have been lagging behind and therefore community ban ks are slow in taking on this technology. For such banks cost of adoption of Internet banking itself might be expensive. Internet banking helps the banks to compete across a large spread of demography and facilitates the access of modern technology by the customers. Therefore community banks need to adopt such technologies in order to be at a competitive advantageous position. (Sullivan, 2000, pp.12-13) Internet has brought in a new wave of

Work, American Dream, Society and Psychological Perspectives Essay

Work, American Dream, Society and Psychological Perspectives - Essay Example n American society in relation to how work, American dream/myth, society and psychological perspectives affect each other with reference to social status, race, and illegal immigrants in America pursuing the American Dream. It is also essential to realize how it plays part in the economical aspect of the nation. Therefore, this paper undertakes a cause-and-effect analysis of work, American dream, society and psychological perspectives with regard to today's economy and society in general. One of the fundamental aspects of this analysis is a clear understanding of the term the American Dream and it was James Truslow Adams who coined the term in his celebrated book The Epic of America. According to him, the American Dream is "that dream of a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement. It is a difficult dream for the European upper classes to interpret adequately, and too many of us ourselves have grown weary and mistrustful of it. It is not a dream of motor cars and high wages merely, but a dream of social order in which each man and each woman shall be able to attain to the fullest stature of which they are innately capable, and be recognized by others for what they are, regardless of the fortuitous circumstances of birth or position." (Adams, 404) Therefore, the original definition of the term had a wider meaning and it has acquired different types of meaning to different classe s of society today. The original meaning of the term referred to the opportunity to accomplish greater material prosperity than what was possible in other nations. It was also realized by groups of immigrants as the opening for their children to mature, obtain education and career opportunities.... This essay focuses on analyzing the meaning of the concept ‘the American Dream’ that has been the result of a long process of evolvement over the course of American history. The researcher mentiones that even today there have been multiple opinions on the validity of the concept. One of the most pertaining debates that were analyzed in the essa concerning the topic has been whether the concept of the American Dream is myth or a reality. The researcher states that it is essential to realize that the American Dream has often been correlated with immigration and the dream of prosperity and freedom has, for several decades, been attracting numerous immigrants from all over the world to the US. In conclusion, the researcher of this essay suggests a cause-and-effect analysis of the American Dream that drives one to comprehend the essential issues related with work, immigration, social status, and race. In the modern American situation, where the hope of rising living standards for each generation of workers has given way to a low-wage economy and where people have little trust in the promises of the American Dream, the issues of work, immigration, social disparity, and economic worries become easily comprehensible. In short, the researcher provides his opinion on the topic and states that the American Dream, which attracted millions of immigrants to the US for several decades, is being eroded and the American society as well as economy has enormously been influenced by the causes and effects of the American Dream.

Internship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Internship - Essay Example A spouse in a junior position, for instance, may expect leniency and favors from the partner in a senior position. I feel that workplace romance may be an unfortunate thing since it is highly likely to compromise on my career growth. Problems that we experience in a relationship may extend to the workplace. In addition, issues of promotion and demotion may severely affect our relationship since it initiates competition in the relationship. Besides, I may easily feel jealous if I watch a workmate becoming close to my spouse. Managing workplace romance as an employer is a difficult task because a love relationship is an intensely emotional issue. To begin with, I would not make any policy of stopping workplace romance since such a subject resides within individual liberties. This suggests that employees would be unrestricted to either date or not date at the workplace. I would make a policy, which informs romantic partners that the organization would not participate in one’s private affairs. A couple, therefore, has to ensure that relationship issues do not infiltrate into the work

SCI P1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

SCI P1 - Essay Example Called also silicium† While Semi conductor is â€Å"Crystalline element (such as germanium or silicon) or compound (such as gallium arsenide or indium phosphide) that is between a conductor (such as a metal) and an insulator (such as glass) in its ability to conduct electric current. This ability can be selectively controlled by doping the material with an impurity (such as aluminum or boron) and/or by running another current through the material at a different axis. Semiconductors are used in making solid state electronic devices such as diodes, rectifiers, transistors, and integrated circuits (computer and memory chips).† This is according to BusinessDictionary.com. This has helped the revolution of computers in that the silicon base semi conductors has help in the manufacture of components used in the assembly of computer and other electronic devices that make our lives easier leading to Technology. The definition of Technology according Merriam (2012), Technology is â€Å"the use of science in industry, engineering, etc., to invent useful things or to solve problems or a machine, piece of equipment, method, etc., that is created by technology.† There are three kinds of technology construction technology, medical technology, and information technology. In Construction Technology, an example for Hydraform Brick and Block Machines has been discovered such as interlocking bricks which use less cement. It is an easier, cheaper, and less time consuming way of constructing bricks. In Medical Technology, machines and medicines have been invented or discovered to help save lives and make it easier for treatments. For example computed axial tomography (CAT) Scan machines in the past it was difficult to get images of internal organs when one had an accident but thanks to technology, it is easier to detect internal problems of an individual hence saving many lives. An example is when one has an accident, to detect whether they have internal bleeding; they use the CAT

RNCOA Mission Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

RNCOA Mission - Essay Example Academy staff, faculty members, and Small Group Leaders are effective in managing, leading and changing our Signal students to adapt to an ever-changing technological world. Our highly educated and motivated Small Group Leaders, who embody the warrior ethos, must be confident, competent decision makers, prudent risk takers, effective communicators, innovative, adaptive, professionally educated, and dedicated to the life-long learning process of our Signal ALC/SLC students. The Signal Noncommissioned Officer Academy staff and faculty must be equipped with the technical adeptness to employ modern computer systems and training to World Class proficiency, capable of strategic responsiveness, and the ability to dominate various technologies across the full spectrum of operations. To Fulfill our Mission†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦We are committed to a strong and comprehensive World Class educational program and learning environment which enhances self-esteem provides and develops positive community role models, optimize each Signal NCO’s potential, develops a lifelong love of learning, builds personal responsibility, and accentuates individual respect. Fundamental to our Mission†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Is a commitment to the of a competent and caring Academy staff, teamwork, shared leadership, effective management of resources, and a safe and orderly learning environment for our Signal NCOs. We pride ourselves on our dedication to our students, their families, our community, our professions, each other, and to continuous learning.  

Personal affirmation leads to greatest triumph or worst defeat Essay

Personal affirmation leads to greatest triumph or worst defeat - Essay Example It is through personal affirmation then that he realizes his greatest victory or worst defeat. This notion is aptly illustrated in the two novels namely A House for Mr Biswas by VS Naipaul and The Old man and the Sea by Ernest Hemingway. A House for Mr. Biswas (House from now on) is a mammoth epic of nearly six hundred pages that illustrates one man's refusal to accept fate and to rise above the circumstances. It chronicles the life of Mohan Biswas who has just one dream all his life i.e. to win his independence by having his own place. He wants to be able to free himself from the clutches of the Tulsi family and while he dies at the young age of 46, he is one contented man having gained his independence. It is as early as in the prologue that we learn about Mohan's mission when we see that he is a sacked reporter who is dying at the age of forty-six in his own place "on his own half-lot of land, his own portion of the earth," on Sikkim Street, Port-of-Spain: How terrible it would have been, at this time, to be without it [a house]: to have died among the Tulsis, amid the squalor of that large, disintegrating and indifferent family; to have left Shama and the children among them, in one room; worse, to have lived without even attempting to lay claim to one's portion of the earth; to have lived and died as one had been born... In this he resembles Santiago of The Old Man and the Sea who is not an ordinary aging protagonist himself. From the very beginning Hemingway creates a portrait that alerts us that we are not dealing with an ordinary character when we learn that: "He was an old man who fished alone in a skiff in the Gulf Stream and he had gone eighty-four days now without taking a fish" ( Hemingway 1952, 9). That Mohan's life would be extraordinary is clear from right from the auspicious time of his birth. He was born at midnight which according to Hindu myths was not a very fortunate time. The pundit prophesizes that Mohan would be a liar and lecher and the midwife feels he would be the cause of his father's death. As luck would have it, he inadvertently causes his father's drowning and is forced to live with strangers. It is during really tough times that he gets the brutal lesson of "ought oughts are oughts," which if we recall Lear's words means that "Nothing will come out of nothing." But Mohan is not the one to believe that. He was willing "to create himself and his world out of nothing." (Boxill, p. 37) The actual struggle begins when Mr. Biswas is dismissed from his position as a live-in pundit apprentice and from there on starts his solitary journey: "The neighbours had heard, and came out to watch Mr Biswas as, in his dhoti, with his bundle slung on his shoulders, he walked thr ough the village" (pp. 56-7). It is after some odd jobs that he finally lands a place with a powerful, conservative, land-owning family, the Tulsis who admire his sign-painting skills. Once inside their house, Biswas loses his independence completely. The Tulsis are a cunning lot who trap Mohan into marrying their daughter Shama because of his high caste. From their on,

SCI P1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

SCI P1 - Essay Example Called also silicium† While Semi conductor is â€Å"Crystalline element (such as germanium or silicon) or compound (such as gallium arsenide or indium phosphide) that is between a conductor (such as a metal) and an insulator (such as glass) in its ability to conduct electric current. This ability can be selectively controlled by doping the material with an impurity (such as aluminum or boron) and/or by running another current through the material at a different axis. Semiconductors are used in making solid state electronic devices such as diodes, rectifiers, transistors, and integrated circuits (computer and memory chips).† This is according to BusinessDictionary.com. This has helped the revolution of computers in that the silicon base semi conductors has help in the manufacture of components used in the assembly of computer and other electronic devices that make our lives easier leading to Technology. The definition of Technology according Merriam (2012), Technology is â€Å"the use of science in industry, engineering, etc., to invent useful things or to solve problems or a machine, piece of equipment, method, etc., that is created by technology.† There are three kinds of technology construction technology, medical technology, and information technology. In Construction Technology, an example for Hydraform Brick and Block Machines has been discovered such as interlocking bricks which use less cement. It is an easier, cheaper, and less time consuming way of constructing bricks. In Medical Technology, machines and medicines have been invented or discovered to help save lives and make it easier for treatments. For example computed axial tomography (CAT) Scan machines in the past it was difficult to get images of internal organs when one had an accident but thanks to technology, it is easier to detect internal problems of an individual hence saving many lives. An example is when one has an accident, to detect whether they have internal bleeding; they use the CAT

Personal affirmation leads to greatest triumph or worst defeat Essay

Personal affirmation leads to greatest triumph or worst defeat - Essay Example It is through personal affirmation then that he realizes his greatest victory or worst defeat. This notion is aptly illustrated in the two novels namely A House for Mr Biswas by VS Naipaul and The Old man and the Sea by Ernest Hemingway. A House for Mr. Biswas (House from now on) is a mammoth epic of nearly six hundred pages that illustrates one man's refusal to accept fate and to rise above the circumstances. It chronicles the life of Mohan Biswas who has just one dream all his life i.e. to win his independence by having his own place. He wants to be able to free himself from the clutches of the Tulsi family and while he dies at the young age of 46, he is one contented man having gained his independence. It is as early as in the prologue that we learn about Mohan's mission when we see that he is a sacked reporter who is dying at the age of forty-six in his own place "on his own half-lot of land, his own portion of the earth," on Sikkim Street, Port-of-Spain: How terrible it would have been, at this time, to be without it [a house]: to have died among the Tulsis, amid the squalor of that large, disintegrating and indifferent family; to have left Shama and the children among them, in one room; worse, to have lived without even attempting to lay claim to one's portion of the earth; to have lived and died as one had been born... In this he resembles Santiago of The Old Man and the Sea who is not an ordinary aging protagonist himself. From the very beginning Hemingway creates a portrait that alerts us that we are not dealing with an ordinary character when we learn that: "He was an old man who fished alone in a skiff in the Gulf Stream and he had gone eighty-four days now without taking a fish" ( Hemingway 1952, 9). That Mohan's life would be extraordinary is clear from right from the auspicious time of his birth. He was born at midnight which according to Hindu myths was not a very fortunate time. The pundit prophesizes that Mohan would be a liar and lecher and the midwife feels he would be the cause of his father's death. As luck would have it, he inadvertently causes his father's drowning and is forced to live with strangers. It is during really tough times that he gets the brutal lesson of "ought oughts are oughts," which if we recall Lear's words means that "Nothing will come out of nothing." But Mohan is not the one to believe that. He was willing "to create himself and his world out of nothing." (Boxill, p. 37) The actual struggle begins when Mr. Biswas is dismissed from his position as a live-in pundit apprentice and from there on starts his solitary journey: "The neighbours had heard, and came out to watch Mr Biswas as, in his dhoti, with his bundle slung on his shoulders, he walked thr ough the village" (pp. 56-7). It is after some odd jobs that he finally lands a place with a powerful, conservative, land-owning family, the Tulsis who admire his sign-painting skills. Once inside their house, Biswas loses his independence completely. The Tulsis are a cunning lot who trap Mohan into marrying their daughter Shama because of his high caste. From their on,

The Applicability of Death Penalty Essay Example for Free

The Applicability of Death Penalty Essay The question of death penalty being a part of the judicial system of the American nation and of most countries in the world has remained a huge debate from the very beginning it was raised. Religious and secular groups have rallied toward the complete abolition of this kind of punishment, and others who did not actively participate also agreed that the act is a form of cruelty. In 1972 during the case of Furman versus Georgia, the Supreme Court declared that indeed the act violated the â€Å"cruel and unusual† punishment provision of the eight amendment. This court ruling has lead to the lifting of more than 600 death sentences, complete abolition of the sentence to some states and illegalization of mandatory death penalty (Longley, 1997).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The illegalization of mandatory death sentences involves the thorough investigation of any case in which the defendant has already been sentenced to death or is about to be sentenced to death. This states that everything must be taken into account before a person is declared to be deserving of death penalty. Pieces of evidence must point to the said judgment as well as the attitude of the defendant (Death Penalty Information Center, 2008).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A state which plans to have death penalty as part of their justice system may consider murder as a crime punishable by death for this crime involves taking the life of another person. This may be said to be most applicable especially when the victim is an innocent civilian or a child and the criminal is not regretful of the act. By deliberately taking another person’s life, the murderer deprives the victim of the right to live. For the child-victims, murder takes away the right to be protected and be taken care of. It also deprives the young of all the opportunities that may have been encountered through years of existence. Also, without any form of regret on the part of the proven perpetrator of the crime, sympathy should not be extended and as such death sentence becomes most appropriate (Holmes and Holmes, 1998).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The punishment by death should also include any type of multicide like mass murder, spree murder and serial murder. Criminals who commit such murders should be sentenced to death for they have taken what could have been meaningful and prosperous lives. This may be said to be also the case in infanticide or the killing of a child not more than three months old. The innocent victim deserves justice. As all murders are believed to be pre-meditated or carefully planned, proven murderers deserve the treatment they have given to their victims and as such, if there is not any form of regret or apology extended to the remaining relatives of victims, death penalty is but righteous (Holmes and Holmes, 1998).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another crime that should be penalized by death is statutory rape or the rape of a child. Since a child is innocent and in the stage of discovery, even a single incident of violence may alter his entire perception of life. An incident of rape may bring about not only unforgettable physical damage but also mental trauma. Its effects on a child’s perception may ultimately decide the child’s future (Rape Victim Advocates, 2008). According to the Michigan Family Impact seminars, 90 percent of teen prostitutes have been sexually abused when they were younger. (Rape Victim Advocates, 2008). This clearly shows how much sexual abuse or rape can destroy an innocent’s life. Even without actually taking the life of the child, it deprives the child of what would have been a better future. This also shows that anyone who was proven a rapist through empirical analysis and investigation deserves to be sentenced to death. In cases where the proven criminal apologizes or shows signs of regret, the opinion of the relatives should be taken to account and the decision should be as according to the desired justice of the offended party. Another crime that deserves penalty by death is the crime of rape with murder against a child.   As this crime not only tortured the child through the sexual abuse, it also took away an innocent life.   It has also incurred great pain to people surrounding the victim, especially if the child-victim was a stranger and the parents had taken care of the child to the utmost. Other than the crimes mentioned above, it would be disproportional to sentence a criminal to death. Only very explicit crimes and life-changing offenses should be sentenced to death, for a life that is altered may already be considered as a life taken away. It should be considered that murder is not merely killing and incurring death of the physical body, rather, the death of the spirit and self-worth is worse than physical death. This is the death incurred to a rape victim, and it is worse than murder. As such, not only murderers but also rapists should be sentenced to death. However, since mandatory death sentence is not allowed, empirical data should be thoroughly checked and taken to account as well as the attitude of the suspect towards his crime before the verdict is given and implemented. In this way, justice shall be served for both the offending and the offended parties. References Death Penalty Information Center. (2008). Death penalty for Offenses Other than Murder. Retrieved January 14, 2009, from http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/death-penalty-offenses-other-murder Holmes, R.M. and Holmes, S.T. (1998). Serial Murder. United States: SAGE Publications. Longley, R. (1997). Recent Legal History of the Death Penalty in America. US Government Info.   Retrieved January 14, 2009, from http://usgovinfo.about.com/library/weekly/bldeathpenalty.htm Rape Victim Advocates. (2008). Children Sexual Violence. Retrieved January 14, 2009, from http://www.rapevictimadvocates.org/children.asp

How HRM contributes to organizational objectives

How HRM contributes to organizational objectives Human Resource Management is the effective use of people to achieve both the organization and individual goals. It is actually effective recruitment, selection, development, compensation, and utilization of human resource by organization Human Resource Planning and Development is the framework for helping employees to plan and develop their personal and organizational skills, knowledge, and abilities. Human Resource Development includes such opportunities as employee training, employee career development, performance management and development, coaching, succession planning, and organization development. I have worked for Masood Textile Mills Ltd  [1]  . and completed my assignment in perspective of this organization as assigned by the Dr.Helen Ford A short and snappy foreword of organization is given as under Masood Textile Mills Ltd is striving to lead in creating, developing and manufacturing of knitted apparel products right from basic to highly fashioned garments thus responding to emerging trends in the industry. MTM translates conceptual ideas of its customers into reality and shape them through its technical bent and professional acumen. MTM establish on 1998 and now has a recognized name in the textile industry. MTM is one of the biggest exporters of apparels. Competent professional staff, a team of talented merchandisers, excellent supplies support services, and state-of-the-art technology is the driving force behind MTM phenomenal growth in the past years. MTM has the technology with expertise, products with knowledge and most importantly the right mindset to achieve total customer satisfaction. The HR manager of Masood Textile Mills Ltd. is continuously striving for making parallel the needs of the changing organization so that it can become more adaptable, resilient, quick to change directions, and customer-centered. Within this environment, the HR professional are learning how to manage effectively through planning, organizing, leading and controlling the human resource and knowledge of emerging trends in training and employee development. Objectives of Organisation (MTM) Objectives are pre-determined goals to which individual or group activity in an organization is directed. MTM respect for the individual, integrity, speed, simplicity, self-assuredness, and a 100% commitment, values are non-negotiable; they are never to be jettisoned. Objectives of mtm can be defined as: To provide market leadership and brand coverage To pursue technological innovation To partner with operators for their maximum productivity HRM Contribution to achieve objective Objectives of human resource management are influenced by organizational objectives and individual and social goals. MTM is not just satisfied with this goal, further the goal of MTM is growth and / or profits. Institutions procure and manage various resources including human to attain the specified objectives. Thus, human resources are managed to divert and utilize their resources towards and for the accomplishment of organizational objectives. Therefore, basically the objectives of HRM are drawn from and to contribute to the accomplishment of the organizational objectives. For the MTM, its ability to attract and retain human capital will depend on its reputation as an employer. The reputation about the organization says something about who you are, what you stand for, and how you relate to others including yours employees. All this is partially formed through the organizations commitment to the employees. To gain their commitment, MTM is trying to smooth communication channels with the employees, assess their capacity to engage in various initiates, give honest feedback, and invest in aligning its objectives with employees aspirations. The goal of HRD is to improve the performance of MTM by maximizing the efficiency and performance of people. HRM has a critical role to play in the achievement of organizational goals and helping the organization to achieve and maintain excellence. MTM believe that good people and a good culture make good organization to achieve and maintain excellence. HRM has the responsibility of getting the right kind of people, creating and maintaining a culture that nurtures and rewards talent. In MTM, human resource management give tools that need to manage and operate in organizations. HRM develop strategies relating to everything production, management, marketing, sales, research development for more productive. MTM have made its known recognition in the last 12 years of its establishment .It has been possible only for the factor of recruiting right people in the right number and right time. They recruit highly qualified and experienced individuals-both at entry level and for vacancies arising at various levels-who would prove to be assets for the organization. They provide opportunities for improving personal capability to enable staff to take on greater responsibility. HUMAN RESOURCE PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT HRD predicts its future employment needs even if they dont estimate their sources of supply. The challenges that determine this demand and method of forecasting it merits are given below: Cause Of Demand: Employees need in the MTM, for whole organization or in specific department need when some sort of external Challenges, extension of project or department, turnover exist in the department, Lay off are temporary loss of employment Forecasting Techniques: Forecasting techniques is consist of following techniques Expert forecasts Trend Projection Forecasts Staffing Table Recruitment Employees are selected or hired as the requirements of departments. These requirements can be reached out from the database, which is name as HCM (Human Capability Management) software. When any change occurs in above mentioned conditions, this program informs to the Human resource Department. This department hires new employees as the requirement of the specific department. Recruitment Resources of the MTM can be defined as under. Internal Resources The organization motivates and upgrades their employees when the organization feels to hire the services of the particular person for the particular job within the organization. Because employees are familiar with the environment of the organization. It saves the cost of time, recruiters time and trainees time. Communication with Other Department Other departments inform to the Human Resource Manager by the internal E-mail system about the need of the employees. That specific department tells the only designation the number of employees required. Next, the Human Resource Management starts his work, they see the requirements of the job from the H.C.M (Human Capability Management) program that require the followings Experience, Education, Age Limit, Personality, Intelligence External Resources For the post of Management Trainee MTMs web site is the biggest source of recruitment also Advertisement is another source of recruiting the highly qualified people. When MTM needs highly skilled, energetic, and qualified personnel for a specific job, then it uses the external resources. Selection HR InterviewMasood Textile Mills Ltd follows the following steps for selecting the Management Trainee: Management Interview Written Test Realistic Job Previews Medical Test Reference Check Written Tests: At the first step of selection written test is taken by the HR department of the selected applicant who fulfill the basic requirements of the job description. If applicant passes this test then he/she forward to the next step of selection which is HR Interview HR Interview: At this step the HR manager and Ht deputy Manager conduct the interview of the selected candidates. Management Level Interview: At this step the HR manager, General Manager and other panel team from the senior level management evaluate the applicants. Both types of questions are asked by the panel for assessing his/her capabilities to perform the job. Reference Checks: Reference is checked by the Human Resource Manager for the position of the Management Trainee. These include: Personal Ex- Employer During the selection criteria for Management Trainee, Human Resource Department gives importance to reference checks about 30% to 40% weight age out of total selection marks. Medical Test: Medical test from the Allied Hospital and Civil Hospital is must for checking the ability to perform the job having physical fitness. Realistic Job Review: Realistic job review is also conducted in MTM when Management Trainee is going to be appointed for new job. The HRD working environment is shown to employees where they are expected to be after selection. Hiring Decision: The final authority which takes the decision about the hiring of the Trainee Officer is the director of operation named as Mr. Arif Ali. At the end this authority will take decision about the hiring or not hiring because there is a centralize environment in Masood Textile Mills Ltd. HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT IN AN ORGANIZATION Professionalism and Human Resources The management of MTM has continued its policy to arrange in house training programs and to send the employees to management courses arranged by reputed management institutes and universities to further to further improve and update their professional knowledge. In order to develop and groom their management skills, employees are encouraged to attend and participate in top management meetings. Fresh qualified professionals are being employee on regular basis and a pre designed career path in given to them to encourage each person to develop his potential and consistently improve his performance. Human Resource Development The management of Masood Textile Mills Ltd. has a firm belief that their continuing success is dependent upon the quality of each individual associated with the Company and how well their knowledge and creativity is being utilized. In this regard, on the job training programs are being regularly arranged to develop and groom their talent. During the year under review more than 120 employees have also attended various management courses to improve and update their knowledge in their respective fields held at Pakistan Institute of Management (PIM), Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS), Pakistan Institute of Quality Control (PIQC), etc. TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT Training of Management Trainee In Masood Textile Mills Ltd. on the job training is given for the post of Management Trainee. It is vertical integrated organization where A to Z processes are performed by MTM itself. All expenses of training programs are beard by MTM. Criterion for Training MTM not only train the employees of the job but also focus on the development of the employees so, providing the employees competency for fulfilling the potential requirements of the organization as well as their career development. This period is called probation period in which no increment is given to the MT. Types of Training: The training of Management Trainee consists of two phases which are given below: Management Level training Production Level Training Management Level Training This type of training is given to the MT in the HR department, which is located at Sarghodha Road Faisalabad. The Consultants, Experts and immediate officers of the MTM conduct this training. In management level training following training programs are conducted. Cross Functional Training is given for the purpose that when there is any person absent and no other employee available then Management Trainee can do his/her job. Un-parallel training is given to employees. Human Resource department of MTM offers numerous programs and activities of interest that are related to diversity. The Human Resource Development (HRD) Group offers courses to employees that are targeted to public sector managers, supervisors, administrative support specialists, Human Resources professionals, and employees who want to increase their knowledge and improve their skills to be more productive and effective. HR offers a variety of personal and professional skill development courses such as: Conflict Resolution, Negotiation, Interpersonal Communication, Behavioral-Based interviewing to faculty and staff. Production Level Training As the MTM is vertical integrated organization therefore production level training is also given to the Management Trainee. This training is given in the Production department of MTM which is located at sheikhupura road. The purposes for the training are given below. To enhance the performance of employees. To emphasize expertise in the production sector. To enhance the productivity and efficiency of employees. Execution of Training At Masood textile Mills Ltd. for the job of management training officer the following method is adopted: First of all lectures are delivered to management trainee in which the most important issues discussed are how to improve the communication skills, how to evaluate the employees, how increments are provided, what benefits would be given to employees working under their supervision. Secondly the management trainees are given 1-month training at training centre 15 kilometer away from the main office branch of MTM at Sargodha Road. After 1 month the management trainees are given the training at Human resource department for 2 months. This 3 month period is called the probation period in MTM. During these 3 months management trainees are paid Rs. 7,000 per month. Career Planning Development Masood Textile Mills Ltd. provides opportunities for improving personal capability to enable staff to take on responsibility. Having a rich and diverse history, the firm encourages its employees to venture forth in new and dynamic areas leading to organizational progress along with individual growth. Career Counseling The firm provides best opportunities for its employees to develop their career through the conduction of training programs. Career Counselor: The career counselors at MTM try to explain those points to management training officers which are not known to them and can help their career development. Also career counselor points out the steps needed for MT officer to become qualified for next job opportunity. Mentors: Mentors are provided by MTM to counsel the employees their career development. Mentors help employees to make progress through exposure in such a way that management trainees become known to their supervisors who are the ultimate deciders of their promotions. Methods of Career Assessment: Two types of assessment methods are used for the trainee officer. These are as follows: Self assessment: Self assessment is taken by MT officers themselves in order to overview their own activities. In this process, personality and personal behavior is assessed by him. They want to know if theyre making any mistakes and if so how they should correct them. Self Assessment is done in evaluation forms in which they are able to answer themselves the following questions: How am I doing? I need to know where I am, so I can plan how to get ahead. Organizational assessment: Organizational assessment is also done by HR manager and supervisor of MT officer for the purpose that employee work is in accordance with the organization or not. Ways for Organizational Assessment: Human resource department of Masood textile Mills Ltd. uses evaluation forms to assess the performance of MT officers. IMPROVEMENT IN HR PERFORMANCE First we will talked about the challenges and problems faced by mTm then solution to that problems and challenges. The HR manager of Masood Textile Mills Ltd. is continuously striving for making parallel the needs of the changing organization so that it can become more adaptable, resilient, quick to change directions, and customer-centered. Within this environment, the HR professional are learning how to manage effectively through planning, organizing, leading and controlling the human resource and knowledge of emerging trends in training and employee development. Followings are the human resource challenges in Masood Textile Mills Ltd.: 1) Rapid Change: The internal environment of the organization is changing very rapidly because of noise of the machines, high temperature where product is produced, quality control and cultural environment of the organization. The external environment of the organization is change in the technology, economic factors and industry based products. 2) Work Force Diversity: The values, norms and attitudes of the workers are not homogeneous so the workers have to be trained by the different kinds of courses which relate to the work force diversity. The dimensions of workplace diversity include: age, ethnicity, ancestry, gender, physical abilities/qualities, race, sexual orientation, educational background, geographic location, income, marital status, military experience, religious beliefs, parental status, and work experience. 3) Legislation: The rules and regulation, government policies, contract act, services act and taxation laws are being changed every year so MTM must be updated with them. 4) Competitive Challenge: The competitive edge of the organization is Cost, Quality and Availability of the goods. So, MTM has to be updated according to customer preferences and competitors technologies for improving qualities and reducing costs. Human Resource Problems Although there are many HR problems in MTM as we have visited the human resource department yet the most identifiable was that of downsizing of employees. Masood Textile Mills have been using the downsizing strategy in order to cover its budget and to cut down the costs that become high due to increase in the pays of operational level employees. MTM has increased the salaries of low level production workers from Rs. 3,000 to Rs.4,000. In this way the budget increases and MTM has to cover up so, it used to downsize the employees. Downsizing Impacts Overall: It is effecting the overall economy as more people are downsized the un-employment persist in the economy. Mixed effects on firm performance: some short-term costs savings, but long-term profitability valuation not strongly affected. Firms reputation as a good employer is suffering. Downsizing Effects on Employee Morale: Employee motivation disrupted: increase in political behaviors, anger, fear which is likely to negatively impact quality of customer service Violation of psychological contract, leads to cynicism, lowered work commitment, fewer random acts of good will Survivors experience more stress due to longer work hours with re-designed jobs, and increased uncertainty regarding future downsizings. Solutions to Downsizing: Employment  Changes in  Pay/Benefits can be an effective alternative to downsizing. Outplacements can be another good alternative to downsizing in which organization help present employees find new jobs with other firms. Attritions which mean the voluntary departures of employees must be encouraged in this situation. Voluntary Quits  by employees must be appreciated. Offer voluntary early retirement or other packages to people within a certain category, such as particular position or years of service. If this offer does not result in enough savings, it is extended to a broader pool. Offer early retirement incentives to pension-eligible employees in a specific area. If that doesnt get sufficient response, expand the pool and so on. Hiring freeze can be done by not allowing job openings fill with external employees. Internal job recruitment by succession planning can be done in order to fill new job opening.    Relocation  can be done by sending the employees overseas to another branch of MTM where there is HR shortage instead of hiring new employees there. It would definitely cut costs. Voluntary  Pay cuts of employees can be done by making sure that they will get the accumulated pay at the end of year with some increment in it. Involuntary Separation policies must be strict enough to maintain employee commitment to organizational policies and in case of dis-obey must be separated.   Early Retirements can be granted to employees. Organization may include the golden handshake benefit. Temporary Layoffs  can be done. This will help organization to maintain its employee loyalty and also cut down its work force for some period. Other implications to improve HR performance: Successful organizations have a focus on the performance of their employees. Here employees are rewarded based purely on their performance on set criteria. Their performance goals and targets are clearly defined and communicated to them in a formal way. The employees feel motivated and accountable for their performance and strive to achieve/exceed the targets set for them. The only thing that pleases the managers and leadership is higher achievements and performance delivery. Regular Feedback to Employees. Supervisors must have to get feedback on regular basis from workers.This feedback should be on day to day basis to improve the current targets rather than to to rectify the errors / mistakes of past.This approach needs to observe and evaluate the efficiency of employees.This is also ensure that the manager also involved to give positive feedback for the job well done. Authoized overtime payment: The surest way to aggravate a wage and hourly claim is not to pay overtime to those employees who have worked. The Department of Labor (DOL) regulations has been clearly mad that if you know that an employee had worked more time than is scheduled, you must paid him, even if you did not depute him for additional work. Exempted employees treat properly: Employers expects that their exempt employees (those exempt from the overtime provisions of the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA)) to worked as long as the job done.Some of the employers also punish their exempted employees to do work for paid vacation or sick time. Review HR policies and procedures. There should be clearly written policies can be both effective employee relationship.The policies that are out of date applied improperly should have opposite effect.There should be regular review of policies that should be matched with new laws,rules regulations.Experts suggest that a thorough review of policies should be made once a year.

How to Write an Essay :: Writing an Essay

Find a subject you care about and which you in your heart feel others should care about. It is this genuine caring, not your games with language, which will be the most compelling and seductive element in your style. -- Kurt Vonnegut Learning how to write an essay can be a maddening, exasperating process, but it doesn't have to be. If you know the steps and understand what to do, writing can be easy and even fun. Below are brief summaries of each of the ten steps to writing an essay. 1. Research: Begin the essay writing process by researching your topic, making yourself an expert. Utilize the internet, the academic databases, and the library. Take notes and immerse yourself in the words of great thinkers. 2. Analysis: Now that you have a good knowledge base, start analyzing the arguments of the essays you're reading. Clearly define the claims, write out the reasons, the evidence. Look for weaknesses of logic, and also strengths. Learning how to write an essay begins by learning how to analyze essays written by others. 3. Brainstorming: Your essay will require insight of your own, genuine essay-writing brilliance. Ask yourself a dozen questions and answer them. Meditate with a pen in your hand. Take walks and think and think until you come up with original insights to write about. 4. Thesis: Pick your best idea and pin it down in a clear assertion that you can write your entire essay around. Your thesis is your main point, summed up in a concise sentence that lets the reader know where you're going, and why. It's practically impossible to write a good essay without a clear thesis. 5. Outline: Sketch out your essay before straightway writing it out. Use one-line sentences to describe paragraphs, and bullet points to describe what each paragraph will contain. Play with the essay's order. Map out the structure of your argument, and make sure each paragraph is unified. 6. Introduction: Now sit down and write the essay. The introduction should grab the reader's attention, set up the issue, and lead in to your thesis. Your intro is merely a buildup of the issue, a stage of bringing your reader into the essay's argument. (Note: The title and first paragraph are probably the most important elements in your essay. This is an essay-writing point that doesn't always sink in within the context of the classroom. In the first paragraph you either hook the reader's interest or lose it.

Solar, Hydroelectric, and Wind Power cannot replace Fossil Fuels Essay

Are Solar, Hydroelectric, and Wind Power Conceivable Alternatives to Fossil Fuels in the Future? Abstract: Fossils fuels are diminishing. Other, possibly more environmentally safe, energy sources are needed to replace them. The purpose of this study was to examine closely the three most common renewable energy sources—solar, wind, and hydroelectric power—as a solution to the â€Å"energy problem† of today and possibly the energy crisis of the future. However, solar and wind energy account for a very small percent of the energy used by the U.S. (nearly 2 percent), and the possible technologies being developed to increase their efficiency won’t be able to seal the gap between energy supplied by these renewable energy sources and the energy demanded. These sources will have to act as complements to another more powerful energy source, as they will in fact not be able to replace fossil fuels on their own. One of the most pondered questions in today’s fast-paced society is how long fossil fuels—namely oil, coal and natural gas—are going to last. The increased demand for fossil fuels, and therefore their increased price has worried many Americans into remembering that these fuels are not renewable and will one day run out. For this reason, it is important to consider whether the alternate energy technologies that we possess today can replace fossil fuels when the time comes. My study explores whether solar, hydroelectric, and wind power (alternate forms with very few harmful byproducts) used together can act as substitutes for oil, coal and natural gas. Apart from the ever-increasing price of oil these days, there are more theoretical reasons suggesting a shortage of fossil fuels. One, known as Hubbert’s Theory, p... ...nal Geographic. Retrieved on July 27, 2005 from http://www7.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0508/feature1/fulltext.html Association for the Study of Oil Peak (May 2003). World Oil Peak. Retrieved on July 28, 2005 from http://planetforlife.com/oilcrisis/oilpeak.html U.S. Department of Energy (2005). U.S. Net Electricity Generation by Energy Source. Retrieved on August 1, 2005 from http://www.eia.doe.gov Skov, Arlie M. (January 2003). World Energy Beyond 2050. Retrieved on July 31, 2005 from http://www.spe.org/spe/jpt/jsp/jspmonthlysection Knier, Gil. (2005). How do Photovoltaics Work? Science @ NASA. Retrieved from August 1, 2005 from http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2002/solarcells.htm Zweibel, Ken. (1995). Thin Films: Past, Present, Future. National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Retrieved on July 29, 2005 from http://www.nrel.gov/nepv/documents/thinfilm.html

Ageism: Is it acceptable in today’s society?

Research would Indicate that we stereotype older people because we fear old age. We fear the loss of physical and mental ability, of attractiveness, learning power, status, and independence. We seek to distance ourselves from what we worry might be our own future when we are older and so we create what we fear. This is especially true for women. Our ageist society can greatly effect and impact negatively on a woman's self- perception as stereotypes about age is ingrained In us during youth and further enforced by society and media.This Is done through magazine ads, billboards, television. Commercials, and movies, newspapers and videos. Women are the predominant victims of age discrimination and are burdened with the negative effects. It is very common that as women age they should try to retain a youthful appearance. The biggest negative impact that women deal with is a negative body image. â€Å"Body image is important to a woman's self-concept and provides a basis for her own Iden tity, for her ability to perform different activities, and for the goals she as set her for herself' (Unit 2, pig. 37). According to Tunable, et al. (pig. 743) women In our society continue to be valued for their sexual attractiveness and their physical appearance which they define as being crucial for attracting and maintaining a relationship with a male partner. A second example of how an ageist society can negatively impact a women's self-perception is from the article â€Å"Ageing as a Feminist Issue† by Cherry Russell stating that â€Å"old women face a host of problems which include greater poverty, higher rates of aloneness, Institutionalizing, loneliness, equidistant In work and remarriage, Ill health and metallization† (Unit 1, pig. ). Even comparing different statistics on Stats Canada will show you that men generally do well and better in ageing. The lack of research that has been done on ageing women compared to ageing men is incomparable. Therefore to know how accurate these statistics really are is unknown considering that the fastest growing population is women and this is predicted to continue over the next many years. Unfortunately our society today supports the ageist stereotype and does not try to reflect upon any hangers to the myths that are out In society today.For example, the media continues to flash very young, beautiful women on TV and commercials promoting annotating creams, booth and fillers and they will use anyone over 60 when promoting medications or trying to sell retirement homes or medical devices depicting them as though they all need assistance. The truth is that society's view of â€Å"old age† has not kept up with the reality of older Canadians health or the fact that while many people over the age of 65 experience some physical and mental limitations, they learn to live tit them and lead happy and productive lives (Unit 2, pig. 7). Society has the tendency to lump all seniors into one demographic grou p whereas in fact, the elderly are a very diverse group. As people age they tend to get more different from one another due to the different lifetime milestones (Unit 2, pig. 28). Another example of a myth in today's society that I can relate to myself in my field of work is the myth that intelligence declines with age. Where I work doctors will perform MUSE and MOCHA intelligence with older people did have lower scores when compared to younger people, the elderly were not exposed to such tests before.Once the elderly had some training in these types of tests their scores improved and some even better than their counterparts. Lastly, my favorite example is Centenarians. There are approximately three thousand people in Canada who are 100 years old or older. The myth here that this challenges is that all older people are sick and frail. This group of people show remarkable good health and many are actually healthier then their younger generation in the ass's or ass's. Therefore in con clusion, living in a society in this day and age where ageism still exists does not make sense.There is so much information out there and help available for other stereotypes and â€Å"ism's† such as sexism and racism that in today's world with the information that we have, ageism should never exist and it should more widely discussed. Society should be more accepting of the ‘ageing self and embrace it rather than trying to reverse it. Plenty of money and time and effort are wasted on trying to change such a natural process hat it ruins people's perceptions and acceptance of other's.

Green Architecture

IntroductionSince the Industrial Revolution, the universe has witnessed incalculable technological accomplishments, population growing, and matching additions in resource usage. As we enter a new century, we are acknowledging the aˆ?side effectsaˆ? of our activities: pollution, landfills at capacity, toxic waste, planetary heating, resource and ozone depletion, and deforestation. These attempts are striving the bounds of the Earth ‘s aˆ?carrying capacityaˆ?aˆâ€ its ability to supply the resources required to prolong life while retaining the capacity to renew and stay feasible. As the universe ‘s population continues to spread out, execution of resource-efficient steps in all countries of human activity is imperative. The reinforced environment is one clear illustration of the impact of human activity on resources. Buildings have a important impact on the environment, accounting for one-sixth of the universe ‘s fresh water backdowns, one-fourth of its wood crop, and two-fifths of its stuff and energy flows. Structures besides impact countries beyond their immediate location, impacting the water partings, air quality, and transit forms of communities. [ 1 ] That acknowledgment is taking to alterations in the manner the edifice industry and edifice proprietors approach the design, building, and operation of constructions. With the leading of diverse groups in the public and private sectors, the edifice industry is traveling toward a new value in its work: that of environmental public presentation. The industry ‘s turning sustainability moral principle is based on the rules of resource efficiency, wellness, and productiveness. Realization of these rules involves an integrated, multidisciplinary approachaˆâ€ one in which a edifice undertaking and its constituents are viewed on a full life-cycle footing. This aˆ?cradle-to-cradleaˆ? attack, known as aˆ?greenaˆ? or aˆ?sustainableaˆ? edifice, considers a edifice ‘s entire economic and environmental impact and public presentation, from material extraction and merchandise industry to merchandise transit edifice design and building, operations and care, and edifice reuse or disposal. Ultimately, acceptance of sustainable edifice patterns will take to a displacement in the edifice industry, with sustainability exhaustively embedded in its pattern, merchandises, criterions, codifications, and ordinances. Understanding the particulars of sustainable edifice and finding effectual sustainable patterns can be confounding. Local authoritiess and private industry frequently do non hold the resources to execute the necessary research to assemble information on sustainable patterns, presuming such information is readily available. This thesis, by its parts, presents a full vision about green architecture, green edifices, and the chance to use this architecture in Lebanon. In Addition, it includes a full conceptual design for a proposed undertaking related to such architecture.Part 1: Green Architecture / Green Buildings1.1 DefinitionSustainable development is the challenge of run intoing turning human demands for natural resources, industrial merchandises, energy, nutrient, transit, shelter, and effectual waste direction while conserving and protecting environmental quality and the natural resource base indispensable for future life and development. This construct recognizes that run intoing long-run human demands will be impossible unless we besides conserve the Earth ‘s natural physical, chemical, and biological systems. [ 2 ] Sustainable development constructs, applied to the design, building, and operation of edifices, can heighten both the economic wellbeing and environmental wellness of communities around the universe. The Union Internationale des Architects/American Institute of Architects ( UIA/AIA ) World Congress of Architects recognized that in its 1993 Declaration of Interdependence, which acknowledges that edifices and the built environment drama a major function in the human impact on the natural environment and on the quality of life. If sustainable design rules are incorporated into edifice undertakings, benefits can include resource and energy efficiency, healthy edifices and stuffs, ecologically and socially sensitive land usage, transit efficiency, and strengthened local economic systems and communities. Embracing sustainability constructs, the ends aim to cut down energy, operation, and care costs ; cut down building-related unwellnesss ; increase the productiveness and comfort of edifice residents ; cut down waste and pollution ; and increase edifice and constituent lastingness and flexibleness. [ 3 ] In the developed states, public and private leaders have realized the economic and environmental benefits of green edifice patterns and are establishing policies, developing edifice guidelines, and fabrication merchandises and systems that will accomplish sustainable development ends.1.2 Green edifices history1.2.1 Historical BuildingsHarmonizing to David Gissen, conservator of architecture and design and the National Building Museum in Washington DC, structures such as London ‘s Crystal Palace and Milan ‘s Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II used methods that decreased the impact of the construction on the environment. Systems such as roof ventilators and belowground air chilling Chamberss were used to modulate indoor air temperature. [ 4 ] In the early 20th century, several skyscrapers such as the Flatiron Building and the New York Times Building in New York utilised deep-set Windowss and the Carson Pirie Scott section shop in Chicago had retractable sunshades. Both of these techniques were effectual in commanding interior temperature while lessoning the edifices ‘ impact on the environment. [ 5 ] From the 1930 ‘s through the 1960 ‘s, the forward believing chilling methods mentioned above gave manner to some new edifice engineerings that would alter inner-city edifice building dramatically. The innovation of air conditioning, brooding glass, and structural steel popularized the enclosed glass and steel edifices that litter the American metropolis today. These edifices were able to be heated and cooled with monolithic HVAC systems that consumed immense sums of cheap and readily available fossil fuels. [ 6 ] The monolithic ingestion of energy required to populate these edifices made their viability tenable and wholly dependent upon energy handiness and cost.1.2.2 The InfancyAround the clip that the aˆ?glass boxaˆ? manner high rise had become the icon of the American metropolis ( circa 1970 ) , a frontward believing group of designers, conservationists, and ecologists [ 7 ] were inspired by the turning environmental motion and the higher fuel costs that were prevailing during the 1970s. [ 8 ] The generation of these two scenarios finally resulted in the modern physique green motion. The first Earth Day, celebrated in April 1970, gave some acceptance to this new edifice construct, but the OPEC oil trade stoppage of 1973 gave the burgeoning environmental motion, and later the green physique attempt, the kick start it needed. With gas lines stretching for blocks, some Americans began to oppugn the conventional wisdom that we should be so independently reliant upon fossil fuels for our energy. [ 9 ] As a consequence of the oil trade stoppage, amongst other energy concerns, the American Institute of Architects ( AIA ) formed a Committee on Energy that was broken into two cantonments. aˆ?One group looked toward inactive, such as brooding roofing stuffs and environmentally good posing of edifices, to accomplish energy nest eggs, while the other concentrated more on technological solutions, such as the usage of triple-glazed windows.aˆ? [ 10 ] As energy concerns subsided, impulse for green edifice and the environment, in general, slowed down, but a dedicated core-group of designers continued to force their green edifice construct frontward. A twosome of noteworthy edifices constructed during the 1970ss which utilised constructs of green design are: The Willis Faber and Dumas Headquarters in England, which utilized a grass roof, day-lighted atrium, and mirrored Windowss ; the Gregory Bateson Building in California, which used energy-sensitive photovoltaic ( solar cells ) [ 11 ] , under-floor stone shop chilling systems, and country clime control devices. [ 12 ] Through the late 1970ss, throughout the 1880ss, and into the early 1890ss, much research was commissioned on energy efficient procedures. This research resulted in more effectual solar panels, prefabricated efficient wall systems, H2O renewals systems, modular building units, and direct use of visible radiation through Windowss in order to diminish day-time energy ingestion. [ 13 ]1.3 Green Organizations1.4 Green consequence on edifices & A ; metropoliss1.4.1 Energy EfficiencyApproximately 50 per centum of the energy usage in edifices is devoted to bring forthing an unreal indoor clime through warming, chilling, airing, and illuming. [ 14 ] A typical edifice ‘s energy measure constitutes about 25 per centum of the edifice ‘s entire operating costs. Estimates indicate that climate-sensitive design utilizing available engineerings could cut warming and chilling energy ingestion by 60 per centum and illuming energy demands by at least 50 per centum in U.S. edifices. [ 15 ]1. 4.2 Water EfficiencyWater preservation and efficiency plans have begun to take to significant lessenings in the usage of H2O within edifices. Water-efficient contraptions and fixtures, behavioural alterations, and alterations in irrigation methods can cut down ingestion by up to 30 per centum or more. [ 16 ] As demand on H2O additions with urban growing, the economic impact of H2O preservation and efficiency will increase proportionally. Water efficiency non merely can take to significant H2O nest eggs, it besides can cut down the demand for enlargement of H2O intervention installations. Non-residential H2O clients account for a little per centum of the entire figure of H2O clients, but use about 35 per centum or more of the entire H2O. [ 17 ]1.4.3 Waste ReductionGreen architecture besides seeks to cut down waste of energy, H2O and stuffs used during building. For illustration, in California about 60 % of the province ‘s waste comes from commercial edifices. [ 18 ] During the building stage, one end should be to cut down the sum of stuff traveling to landfills. Well-designed edifices besides help cut down the sum of waste generated by the residents as good, by supplying on-site solutions such as compost bins to cut down affair traveling to landfills. To cut down the impact on Wellss or H2O intervention workss, several options exist. â€Å" Greywater † , effluent from beginnings such as dishwashing or rinsing machines, can be used for subsurface irrigation, or if treated, for non-potable intents, e.g. , to blush lavatories and wash autos. Rainwater aggregators are used for similar intents. Centralized effluent intervention systems can be dearly-won and utilize a batch of energy. An alternate to this procedure is change overing waste and effluent into fertiliser, which avoids these costs and shows other benefits. By roll uping human waste at the beginning and running it to a semi-centralized biogas works with other biological waste, liquid fertiliser can be produced. This construct was demonstrated by a colony in Lubeck Germany in the late ninetiess. Practices like these supply dirt with organic foods and make C sinks that remove C dioxide from the ambiance, countervailing nursery gas emanation. Producing unreal fertiliser is besides more dearly-won in energy than this procedure. [ 19 ]1.4.4 Construction Cost ReductionApplication of green constructing constructs can give for nest eggs during the building procedure. Measures that are comparatively easy to implement can ensue in nest eggs to the contractor in the undermentioned countries: A · Lower energy costs, by supervising use, put ining energy-efficient lamps and fixtures, and utilizing tenancy detectors to command lighting fixtures ; A · Lower H2O costs, by supervising ingestion and recycling storm H2O and/or building effluent where possible ; A · Lower site-clearing costs, by minimising site break and motion of Earth and installing of unreal systems ; A · Lower landfill dumping fees and associated trucking charges, through reuse and recycling of building and destruction dust ; A · Lower stuffs costs, with more careful purchase and reuse of resources and stuffs ; A · Possible net incomes from gross revenues of reclaimable points removed during edifice destruction ; and A · Fewer employee wellness jobs ensuing from hapless indoor air quality. This listing suggests some possible countries for cost nest eggs ; the undertaking squad can place other possibilities through a concerted and incorporate squad attack. The contractor can besides better dealingss with the community and edifice proprietor by sing them as portion of the squad attempt to implement environmentally sound building steps.1.4.5 Building Operation and MaintenanceThe green edifice steps discussed in this manual can take non merely to take down edifice operating disbursals through reduced public-service corporation and waste disposal costs, but besides to lower on-going edifice care costs, runing from wages to supplies. For illustration, in many edifices, care staff collects recycled stuffs on each floor – or even at every employee ‘s desk – and transport the stuffs down to the cellar for manus screening. Recycling chutes, a feasible green option, let direct discarding of stuffs from any floor in the edifice to the cellar. The chute system, which ideally is installed during initial building or redevelopment, can screen stuffs automatically, salvaging labour costs by extinguishing the demand to roll up, conveyance, and kind recyclables. Other nest eggs come in the signifier of lower waste trucking fees ; reduced workers ‘ compensation insurance premiums due to take down claims for accidents from crisp glass and tins ; reduced lift care ; less frequent cleansing of spills on rugs and floors ; and less demand for pest control. Environmentally friendly housework merchandises can besides hold fiscal advantages. For illustration, cleaning merchandises that are purchased as dressed ores and utilize minimum packaging non merely advance waste decrease, but besides can cut down merchandise use by 30 to 60 per centum with dispensers that more accurately step and thin the cleansing merchandises for optimal effectivity. [ 20 ] Building proprietors need to see the edifice director and staff as critical participants in environmentally sound and cost-efficient operations. Building directors, charged with the efficient operation and care of multi-million-dollar assets, have experience in all countries of operations and care over the life of a edifice. Once a edifice is operational, preparation of direction and care staff – including instruction on effectual green constructing steps such as constructing energy direction systems, new cleansing merchandises, and new edifice codifications and criterions – can assist them to keep the edifice in a resource-efficient and economically favourable mode.1.4.6 Insurance and LiabilityThe past decennaries ‘ conventional office design, building, and operational patterns have decreased the quality of the indoor office environment, ensuing in new wellness concerns and associated economic costs and liability. The debut of a battalion of new contaminant pollu tion beginnings into the workplace, combined with tighter edifice building, has intensified air-quality jobs. For illustration, hapless indoor air quality can ensue from such factors as defective air-conditioning systems, occupant related pollutants, building stuffs that emit high degrees of volatile organic compounds, and hapless care patterns. The U.S. EPA ranks indoor air pollution among the top five environmental hazards to public wellness. Unhealthy indoor air is found in up to 30 per centum of new and renovated edifices. [ 21 ] Sick Building Syndrome ( SBS ) and Building Related Illness ( BRI ) have become more common in the workplace, increasing edifice proprietor and employer costs due to sickness, absenteeism, and increased liability claims. It has been estimated that SBS and BRI cost approximately $ 60 billion each twelvemonth in medical disbursals and lost worker productiveness in the United States. [ 22 ] Legal actions related to Sick Building Syndrome and other building-related jobs have increased. These actions against edifice interior decorators, proprietors, or employers may be initiated by residents who have short- or long-run jobs, runing from concerns and firing eyes to more serious complaints. Initial economic impact may come in the signifiers of higher wellness insurance premiums, increased workers ‘ compensation claims, and reduced productiveness. Expensive redress undertakings and environmental killings may follow, and edifice proprietors may seek to retrieve losingss from the original undertaking contractors and designers through judicial proceeding. By guaranting better indoor air quality, edifice proprietors, employers, and design professionals can take down their hazard of future judicial proceeding by constructing residents. Professional liability insurance companies have indicated a willingness to offer design professionals lower insurance premiums for higher operating-procedure criterions that lead to improved indoor air quality. Some national architectural houses are trying to rate edifice merchandises harmonizing to the degrees of volatile organic compounds they emit after installing, and to educate edifice proprietors and directors about healthier merchandise picks.1.4.7 Occupant Health and ProductivityThe intent of a edifice is non merely to supply shelter for its residents, but besides to supply an environment conducive to high public presentation of all intended resident activities. Recent surveies have shown that edifices with good overall environmental quality, including effectual airing, natural or proper degrees o f lighting, indoor air quality, and good acoustics, can increase worker productiveness by six to 16 per centum. [ 23 ] An organisation ‘s most important fiscal committedness is normally to its employees. Many employers spend at least every bit much on salary-related outgos as they do on building an full company edifice. In many organisations, wages and associated benefits consume the bulk of the one-year operating budget. [ 24 ] For illustration ; based on the sample computations in 2, a typical employer could pass $ 233 per square pes yearly for an employee. Building building costs by and large fall below this degree, frequently by 50 per centum. In add-on, one-year employee salary-related outgos, utilizing the Numberss in 2, are about 130 times greater than energy costs. A productivity addition of six per centum equates to nest eggs to the employer of $ 14 per square pes – eight times the cost of the edifice ‘s one-year energy measure. Given this information, an employer can make up one's mind to maximise the public presentation and efficiency of forces resources through appraisal of, and betterment to, the indoor environmental quality of its edifice. The undermentioned history of a recent redevelopment undertaking illustrates this attack. Both edifice proprietors and edifice tenant/employers can profit in other ways by bettering indoor environmental quality. For proprietors, these betterments can ensue in higher belongings values, longer tenant tenancy and rental reclamations, reduced insurance and operating costs, reduced liability hazards, extended equipment life, and good promotion. For renters, benefits include reduced absenteeism and better employee morale, reduced insurance and operating costs, reduced liability hazards, and community acknowledgment. If the edifice proprietor is besides the employer, an organisation can countervail initial building design and systems costs with the decrease of long-run organisational and operational disbursals over the edifice ‘s life rhythm.1.4.8 Building ValueGreen edifices ‘ high efficiency and public presentation can ensue in higher belongings values and potentially lower loaners ‘ recognition hazard. Lower operating costs associated with more efficient sys tems can take to higher constructing net income. In add-on to increasing a edifice ‘s cyberspace runing income or value, green edifice steps may let edifice proprietors to bear down higher rents or accomplish higher rates of edifice tenancy, if renters view green belongingss as more desirable. Presently, voluntary edifice evaluation plans are under development for commercial edifices in the United States. As these plans are introduced into the market place and derive the credence of edifice proprietors and renters, they could impact the value of belongingss. Prospective renters will be able to rate edifices based on such mensurable characteristics as natural daytime, better indoor air quality, and lower energy, H2O, and waste costs. If adequate edifices are rated for environmental public presentation, those that perform better will get down to recognize market advantages.1.4.9 Local Economic Development OpportunitiesPromotion and execution of green edifice patterns within a community can bring forth new economic development c hances. These chances can take a assortment of signifiers, including new concern development to run into the demand for green merchandises and services ; resource-efficiency betterment plans that enable bing concerns to take down operating costs ; development of environmentally oriented concern territories ; and occupation preparation related to new green concerns and merchandises.1.5 Appliance & A ; Ways of using1.5.1 Appliances1.5.1.1 Selecting environmentally and economically balanced edifice stuffs.Buildings significantly alter the environment. Harmonizing to Worldwatch Institute1, constructing building consumes 40 per centum of the natural rock, crushed rock, and sand used globally each twelvemonth, and 25 per centum of the virgin wood. Buildings besides account for 40 per centum of the energy and 16 per centum of the H2O used yearly world-wide. In the United States, approximately every bit much building and destruction waste is produced as municipal refuse. Finally, unhealthy indoor air is found in 30 per centum of new and renovated edifices worldwide. Negative environmental impacts flow from these activities. For illustration, natural stuffs extraction can take to resource depletion and biological diverseness losingss. Building stuffs industry and conveyance consumes energy, which generates emanations linked to planetary heating and acerb rain. Landfill jobs, such as leaching of heavy metals, may originate from waste coevals. All these activities can take to air and H2O pollution. Unhealthy indoor air may do increased morbidity and mortality. Choosing environmentally preferred edifice stuffs is one manner to better a edifice ‘s environmental public presentation. To be practical, nevertheless, environmental public presentation must be balanced against economic public presentation. Even the most environmentally witting constructing interior decorator or edifice stuffs maker will finally desire to weigh environmental benefits against economic costs. They want to place edifice stuffs that improve environmental public presentation with small or no addition in cost. The edifice community is doing determinations today that have environmental and economic effects. Its determinations are plagued by uncomplete and unsure informations every bit good as the deficiency of a standardised methodological analysis for measuring the information. The NIST/EPA squad seeks to back up these determinations by garnering environmental and economic public presentation informations and by structuring and computerising the decision-making procedure. The ensuing BEES tool will be publically available over the Internet. In the mean while, the USGBC has published a list of stuffs aˆâ€Å" certified from LEED aˆâ€Å" incorporating several green stuffs including: flooring, interior building, pigments & A ; movie, cloths, curtains, tack surfaces, ceiling systems, illuming, contraptions, millwork, furniture and plumping fixtures.1.6 Education of green architectureSince 1993, UIA released the aˆ?Declaration of Interdependence for a Sustainable Futureaˆ? suggesting that the architectural profession should seek aˆ?to achieve ecological sustainability within the limited clip that is likely to be availableaˆ? . And it ‘s been 14 old ages after the release of UIA / UNESCO aˆ?Charter For Architectural Educationaˆ? that registries among educational ends aˆ?an ecologically balanced and sustainable development of the built environmentaˆ? . Since so, many architecture schools have introduced or upgraded classs on proficient facets of sustainability, like aˆ?Energy Conscious Designaˆ? , aˆ?Sustainable Architectureaˆ? , aˆ?Beyond Greenaˆ? or aˆ?Bioclimatic Architectureaˆ? and others more. The integrating of sustainability in design schools up to now has been reviewed by several studies. Most of them portion two decisions: – foremost, that non many schools have embraced the topic in a thorough mode, indicating at aˆ?the low degree at which sustainable design constructs have been incorporated into the regular curriculumaˆ? and noticing that aˆ?environmental instruction in architecture has been done on an ad-hoc footing, aˆÂ ¦fragmented and insufficientaˆ? [ 25 ] ; – second, that sustainable design requires learning methods rather different than the long-established 1s [ 26 ] . Environmental crisis and its foreseeable effects are still a fringy issue in the academic discourse at schools purportedly covering with the environment, possibly because crises are non an attractive topic in our aˆ?feel-good ‘ epoch. As a consequence, those who will hold to undertake the looming crisis in the close hereafter are non adequately prepared. Still, the demand to implement sustainable design is widely recognized by the educational community, at least in rule. A revealing illustration is a study among architectural pedagogues in more than 30 European states in 2001 [ 27 ] , where aˆ?nearly 90 % of the respondents are voting for a instead dramatic displacement from a presently instead low to a high consideration of aˆ?Sustainable Development ‘ in future architectural educationaˆ? . Harmonizing to the study, aˆ?only 19 % of those said that this construct is presently having a very/quite high degree of consideration, and 83 % said it should have a very/quite high degree of consideration in architectural educationaˆ? , placing as an aˆ?aspect of taking importanceaˆ? the â€Å" integrating of sustainability-issues into all studio design † . In malice of such consensus, there is still a long route until sustainable design is steadfastly rooted in architectural acquisition. There are a figure of grounds for this, within and outside the academic margin:1.6.1 Academic obstructionsA · _____________________ In most schools that show environmental concern, related issues are normally confined in elected categories, detached from design studios. This creates a aˆ?fringe ‘ repute for sustainability, eschewing its rules from the chief design undertakings to the fringe of architectural acquisition. As a consequence, no practical experience is gained in how to present sustainable qualities in the aˆ?core ‘ design docket. A · ______________________ In many instances the accent is on quantitative instead than qualitative affairs. As a consequence figure crunching eclipses design, and pupils tend to tie in sustainable concerns with numerical public presentation merely, detached from issues like comfort, resources, or social moralss. In that mode, sustainability-related classs are considered similar to those on proficient Fieldss like structural or mechanical design, but non aˆ?real ‘ architecture. A · ______________________ Sustainable design is a instead recent subject, non really familiar to the old guard that administers schools. Most coachs have had limited or even nonexistent preparation in their yesteryear, and practical experience is even more rare. Consequently, aˆ?a deficiency of importance placed on sustainable design by many architectural educatorsaˆ? [ 28 ] is no surprise. As a consequence, it is hard to present aˆ?obscure ‘ , aˆ?uninteresting ‘ or aˆ?useless ‘ new subjects to the course of study, particularly in position of the fact that sustainable design challenges the preponderantly artistic stance of architecture. A · ___________________ Sustainable design is a complex architectural attack, embracing diverse Fieldss of cognition and necessitating multi-discipline teamwork. Therefore its instruction can non suit with the conventional additive attack where different proficient accomplishments are segregated in different sections, with rare chances to convey them all together through joint undertakings in a holistic mode. Furthermore, aˆ?sustainable architecture is a complex topic that should be covered throughout the curriculumaˆ? [ 29 ] , non merely in sporadic undertakings. A · ____________________ Furthermore, design undertakings are often detached from earthly world as if they refer to a infinite station, barely interrelated with nature or society. Social moralss or environmental consciousness are non embedded in the docket, restricting preparation in simply proficient accomplishments with major focal point on the aesthetic. aˆ?An architectural pupil all of a sudden transported to many of our architecture schools from 1900 Paris would experience right at homeaˆ? . [ 30 ] A · _____________________ Environmental crisis is repeatedly under the spotlight of the media but, unusually, it is rarely included in the academic discourse. There is small systematic consciousness of the relationship of edifice and urban design with critical environmental issues like energy & A ; H2O deficits, air & A ; land pollution, urban heat island & A ; ecological footmark, or resources depletion. And surely such subjects are non included in undertaking Jockey shortss or ordinary pupil work. A · _______________________ Furthermore, there is deficient auxiliary input through proficient categories like constructing natural philosophies or environmental engineering that could back up sustainable design undertakings. When pupils do non understand the dynamic linkage between constructions, environmental conditions and users, it is non easy to distinguish, state, between aˆ?building in the landscapeaˆ? and aˆ?building in interaction with the landscapeaˆ? . [ 31 ]1.6.2 Outside the schoolroomThe debut of sustainability in architecture schools encounters farther troubles stemming from the outer side of the academic walls: A · ____________________ Sustainable design has yet to happen a clear individuality: – Is it a edifice technique, a blend of architecture and technology that can be applied on any architectural assortment merely like, say, fire safety or seismal proofing? – Is it merely one more architectural manner, possibly with excess consideration to the environment than the remainder, with its ain stylistic hallmarks like solar aggregators, conservatories, or green labels? – Beaver state is it a fresh design mentality, where nature & A ; society, today & A ; tomorrow are equal spouses in the design model? A · _____________________ The sustainable design household includes fluctuations like aˆ?energy witting ‘ , aˆ?bioclimatic ‘ , aˆ?solar ‘ , aˆ?ecological ‘ , or aˆ?green ‘ , any of which could be applied in a non-sustainable mode. For case, an energy-saving strategy could use non-ecological stuffs ; bioclimatic skyscrapers use more resources than low rise, and the sustainability of a immense aˆ?green ‘ sign of the zodiac with merely two residents is questionable. It is clear that sustainable design in full graduated table is a complex enterprise that requires a holistic watchfulness on a wide array of topics, proficient every bit much as societal: aˆ?Although there is much involvement and wonder about the topic, no 1 would state it ‘s easy to larn or use in practiceaˆ? . [ 32 ] A · ______________________ The architectural aˆ?haut couture ‘ of our epoch markets themes instead far from sustainability. As a consequence prudence and aˆ?I?I µI„I?I?I? ‘ ( metron = Greek for step ) are ostracized from the chief architectural values [ 33 ] . Given that architecture is ever learned by illustration, many pupils – and many adults excessively – ringer the glamourous paradigms of the expansive maitres, endeavoring for ocular originality and manner above all. The calendered architectural imperativeness barely advertises the non-sustainable characteristics of the expansive works because that would botch the ware. Therefore attending is frequently focused on 2D thoughts instead than 3D infinite or 4D affairs, and hollow feelings count more than the stuff and social facets of the built environment. As manner outshines matter and clip, sustainability is a looser. A · __________________ Students are the last to fault for that ; given the prevailing aesthetic values, there are non excessively many sustainable illustrations exciting adequate to animate pupils. On the contrary, a frequent claim is that sustainable edifices are per se unattractive, as if all other types of architecture have merely good illustrations to demo. A · ___________________ Another repeated averment is that aˆ?environmental edifices cost moreaˆ? . Here, the cost comparison footing is instead obscure, ignoring the differentiation between constructing – and running – cost, or the fact that aˆ?trying to shoot sustainable standards subsequently, alternatively of earlier, in the design procedure is the cause of any added expenseaˆ? . [ 34 ] Even when the aˆ?extra cost ‘ is true, it is besides true that clients are frequently ready to pay more for cosmetic elements but non for, say, a more efficient boiler.1.6.3 The societal contextSustainable design is non an architectural exercising ; it refers to the built environment and therefore it can non boom without societal indorsement. Architecture has ever been repeating the dominant social values and forces, so the inquiry is whether today there is room for alteration: aˆ?To transform this activity from a alone one of counter-cultural rebellion into one of mainstream pa ttern requires merely a critical mass of people who take it for granted as the footing for technical/cultural meritaˆ? . [ 35 ] There are some marks that allow optimism, but the overall societal tendencies look instead black for a sustainable design flowering: A · _________________ In our epoch of aˆ?consumo ergo sumaˆ? , sustainable design sounds out of melody as euphoric consumerism inhibits motive for restraint. Clients demanding glistening energy-guzzlers are more influential than those inquiring for reasonable designs. Which school can develop its professionals for the hereafter while society looks the other manner? A · _____________________ About a century ago, Modernist thought was attesting extremist proposals, integrating both proficient and societal issues along with a distinguishable aesthetic idiom. Today, as aˆ?internationalism ‘ has been replaced by aˆ?globalization ‘ and aˆ?citizens ‘ by aˆ?consumers ‘ , most merchandises in the post-Modernist supermarket have short expire day of the months. Many current architectural theoretical accounts rest between show concern and practical world, and there is a deficit of real-life proposals offering an inspiring mentality for a future society and its architectural linguistic communication. Sustainability does hold the necessary ingredients and principle to go the footing of such thoughts, but it is still missing a plausible broadcast aˆâ€Å"and an watchful audience. A · ___________________ The apathy for the hereafter and the animadversion of sustainable proposals can possibly be explained: Alarming tendencies are all excessively apparent as jobs are swept under the aˆ?panem et circenses ‘ rug. The intensifying bad intelligence about the environmental jeopardies, triggered by human activities, lead to the denial of facts and the replacing of painful pragmatism by baseless optimism. Cipher likes Cassandras, and sustainable architecture is associated with their warnings. A · ______________________ The human impact on the environment is relative to population size, ingestion per capita, and resources or waste per ingestion unit ; therefore these three factors should be reduced if we are to accomplish a sustainable balance between nature and us. So far, we focus chiefly on the 3rd one -and that with fringy success. Decreasing the other two implies rough steps that cipher truly likes to confront. Again, sustainable propositions are straitening arrows to a acrimonious mentality.1.6.4 Counteracting lassitudeSo, even if architecture schools manage to short-circuit their obstructions and embed sustainability steadfastly in the course of study, and even if sustainable design overcomes its ain failings, there is still the critical checkpoint of societal credence. aˆ?Green ‘ designers need aˆ?green ‘ clients, otherwise their accomplishments are useless. Peoples brainwashed to devour more can non appreciate an architecture that requires less and wastes less albeit offering more. Equally long as show concern is a powerful political tool used to beef up today ‘s position quo, it will be hard for sustainable design to be more effectual in its existent consequences than, state, aˆ?Live Aid ‘ or aˆ?Make Poverty History ‘ runs. It is true that people do alter their position about the necessity of sustainability, although it is unsure to what extent they are ready to accept the effects and modify their manner of life consequently. But the gait of that alteration might be excessively slow compared with that of the environmental crisis, and cipher knows whether the dislocation will come easy like a long unwellness, or all of a sudden like a shot, without adequate clip to respond swimmingly. Therefore it is non plenty merely to present sustainable design classs at universities, or to heighten the public presentation of sustainable edifices. Alongside those pressing demands, it is every bit imperative to edify the populace about the virtues of sustainability and the hazards of aˆ?architecture as usual ‘ . Architects are the 1s who shape up the phase of our corporate and private lives ; hence they have the responsibility to make that with societal duty every bit much as regard to our cherished biotope aˆâ€Å"planet Earth.1.6.5 DecisionSustainability is a turning necessity that has to impact a broad scope of our societal precedences and aims, get downing with the credence of facts and, following, by recognizing that it is chiefly a socio-political instead than a proficient subject necessitating an earnest alteration of mentality. In that regard, sustainable architecture is non one more manner, a technique to salvage money, or a manner to decrease our ecological compunction. It is no less than an desperately needed response to semisynthetic environ-mental menaces. So far it has been hard to modify the architectural course of study efficaciously due to academic inactiveness, but schools have to admit forthcoming worlds in order to set learning topics and methods, and to transfuse sustainable spirit in the design attitude of future designers. This is a difficult undertaking as the mercenary dependence supports turning in our society, but is at that place another manner? Or we honestly believe that after a coevals we will still be constructing like today?1.7 Green UndertakingsA sustainable edifice, or green edifice is an result of a design doctrine which focuses on increasing the efficiency of resource usage – energy, H2O, and stuffs – while cut downing constructing impacts on human wellness and the environment during the edifice ‘s lifecycle, through better posing, design, building, operation, care, and remotion. [ 36 ]1.8 The Future of Green BuildingsTo many in the edifice industry, investing in green edifice patterns may be a spring of religion. Further research and successful illustrations of sustainable edifice will progress this developing engineering and supply direct cogent evidence of its economic and health-related benefits, promoting its greater acceptance. More research is needed in life-cyc le cost analysis over the full spectrum of edifice fiction, ownership, operation, and reuse/disposal. As the information become more widespread and the impacts – including external costs associated with pollution, waste, and environmental-resource ingestion – of conventional patterns become better known, green edifice patterns will go more widespread. The green edifice motion has started to derive impulse. Each twelvemonth yields extra presentation undertakings ; tonss of new efficient and healthy engineerings ; and expanded research, criterions, codifications, and ordinances. This includes evaluation systems to measure a edifice ‘s environmental public presentation, enfranchisement plans for green edifice merchandises, and the acceptance of green edifice criterions and patterns by recognized standard-setting organisations. The handiness of progressively sophisticated computing machine package plans besides fosters the growing of green edifice patterns by doing it easier to place and measure options for a edifice undertaking. Other new tendencies and emerging constructs impacting the edifice industry include performance-based contracts, remanufacturing and merchandise leasing, telecommuting and aˆ?virtual offices, aˆ? and attempts to extenuate natural-disaster losingss through improved edifice patterns.2.1 Green Buil dings in Lebanon2.1.1 Charles Hostler Student Center by VJAA2.1.2 Two Residential Undertakings by Arch. Atef TabetAtef Tabet & A ; Associates Beirut-Lebanon merely completed the design and building of two separate big houses, 950 sq. metres each. Both houses are built on big sites around 12,000 sq. metre located in rural cragged countries one in Mount Lebanon, and the other to the South of Lebanon next to Mount Haramoun. [ 37 ]1st House at RemineDesign Methodology: The landscape and the architecture are intertwined intentionally as a cohesive, none dissociable entity, intermixing the interior of the house with its immediate out-of-doorss and the natural milieus. A regional and a sustainable architecture design attack with program layout to suit the client ‘s modern-day life manner. The combination of unsmooth / saw cut rock cladding aˆ?Eclateaˆ? , The slanted ruddy roof tiles, Zinc Ti curved signifiers combination stand foring a slang of a Mediterranean small town. The insulated exterior dual walls, clay/wood lofts, deep recessed dual glazed cedar wood Windowss and wooden treillages utilized in order to shadow and anneal the house interior environment, and prolong it comfortably with a dateless design signifier friendly to its immediate vicinity.2nd House at JawzatThe Interior Architecture i.e. material choice, coatings, and colour spectrum or palettes, every bit good as the furniture pieces that has been designed by the office and produced locally, were carefully applied and placed in order to implement the countryside Mediterranean ambiance. The construct for both houses is to hold a sustainable timeless manner, harmonious with the natural milieus and its immediate environment. [ 38 ]2.2 Lebanese Green Organizations2.2.1 MAJAL [ 39 ]MAJAL is an Academic Urban Observatory, advancing sustainable be aftering schemes in Lebanon. Part of Urban Planning Institute of ALBA – AcadA ©mie Libanaise des Beaux-Arts, Balamand University, MAJAL was established in the aftermath of the extremely destructive July 2006 war, in order to supply a scientific monitoring of the Reconstruction procedure direction. Since so, it expanded its mission and is carry oning undertakings related to urban planning and sustainability in general. We have achieved 3 studies on Reconstruction and carried out many expertness missions for municipalities and assorted local and international organisations.Mission:MAJAL ‘s work today consists in three types of activities: 1. Monitoring set of indexs on building procedure and sustainable planning 2. Technical support to determination shapers in the signifier of adept missions, confer withing services, preparation, or other specific undertakings in urban planning and development undertakings. 3. Advocacy, lobbying and consciousness elevation in the Fieldss of good administration, and sustainable planning.2.2.2 Lebanese Green Building Council [ 40 ]The Lebanon Green Building Council ( LGBC ) is an NGO that provides stewardship towards a sustainable built environment. It promotes, spreads and helps implement high public presentation building constructs that are environmentally responsible, healthy and profitable. LGBC acts on market, educational, and legislative issues to accomplish its ends. The LGBC is officially accredited as an â€Å" Emerging council † with the World Green Building Council. The LGBC aims to go a prima non-profit organisation working to advance the sustainable edifice industry of an international degree. Its members will strongly recommend sustainable edifices in the purpose of planing a built environment that allows future coevalss to profit from the natural resources that will be available to them. The purpose of the organisation is to supply a Lebanese enfranchisement system for edifices that adopt environmental parametric quantities and to transform the manner edifices and communities are designed into a comfortable environment that improves the quality of life.Mission:The LGBC shall endeavour:1. Identifying and advancing processs, methods and solutions for the design, planning, building and use of both new edifices and major redevelopment of bing edifices that achieve the end of sustainability. Populating infinites shall be created in an environmentally-friendly, resource-saving and economic manner that enhances the wellness and comfort of their users. 2. Attesting the edifices that achieve the fixed evaluation degrees and run into the demands of a sustainable built environment. 3. Identifying, inventing and advancing processs, methods and solutions for the planning, design, building, redevelopment, use, care and public presentation appraisal of edifices that aim to accomplish the end of sustainability as per the enfranchisement system set by the LGBC. 4. Developing & A ; advancing industry criterions, educational plans and design patterns, aiming professionals related to environmentally responsible edifices, persons and squads, and at all stages. 5. Conducting research and educational activities and prosecuting in buttonholing attempts to advance green edifice patterns and statute law. 6. Inventing and advancing tips and suggestions for sustainable life styles that enhance the proper usage, and continuing the unity of green edifices and detering aˆ?green washingaˆ? . [ 1 ] David Rodman and Nicolas Lenssen, aˆ?A Building Revolution: How Ecology and Health Concerns Are Transforming Construction, aˆ? World Paper 124 ( Washington, D.C. , March 1996 ) . [ 2 ] Sustainable development definition from Civil Engineering Researches Foundation, Washington, D.C. [ 3 ] National Science and Technology Council, Committee on Civilian Industrial Technology, Subcommittee on Construction and Building, Construction and Building: Federal Research and Development in Support of the U.S. Construction Industry ( Washington, D.C. : National Science and Technology Council, 1995 ) [ 4 ] Building Design and Construction, aˆ?White Paper on Sustainabilityaˆ? , page 4, November 2006 [ 5 ] Ibid. [ 6 ] Ibid. [ 7 ] Ibid. [ 8 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nyc.gov/html/nycwasteless/html/in_business/green_building.shtml [ 9 ] Building Design and Construction, op. cit. , page 4 [ 10 ] Building Design and Construction, op. cit. , page 4 [ 11 ] aˆ?Photovoltaic Fundamentalsaˆ? , www.fsec.ucf.edu/pvt/pvbasics [ 12 ] Building Design and Construction, op. cit. , page 4 [ 13 ] Ibid. [ 14 ] David Rodman and Nicolas Lenssen, aˆ?A Building Revolution: How Ecology and Health Concerns Are Transforming Construction, aˆ? World Paper 124 ( Washington, D.C. , March 1996 ) , 41. [ 15 ] Ibid. , 39. [ 16 ] Based on conversations with Richard Bennette, Easy Bay SMUD ; Jane Ploeser, metropolis of Phoenix ; and Louis Generoso, metropolis of San Diego ( November 3, 1995 ) [ 17 ] American Water Works Association, Conservation Incentive Levels and Two Pilot Programs ( Denver, Colo. : AWWA, 1995 ) , 116 [ 18 ] Kats, Greg ; Alevantis Leon ; Berman Adam ; Mills Evan ; Perlman, Jeff. The Cost and Financial Benefits of Green Buildings, October 2003. [ 19 ] Lange, Jorg ; Grottker, Mathias ; Otterpohl, Ralf. Water Science and Technology, Sustainable Water and Waste Management In Urban Areas, June 1998. [ 20 ] Rochester Midland, Product Information Sheet, Form 550-A ( August 1993 ) , page 2. [ 21 ] Barbara Lippiatt and Gregory Norris, aˆ?Selecting Environmentally and Economically Balanced Building Materialsaˆ? National Institute of Standards and Technology Special Publication 888, Second International Green Building Conference and Expositionaˆâ€  1995 ( Gaithersburg, Md. : National institute of standards and technology, 1995 ) , 37. [ 22 ] Lippiatt and Norris, 38. [ 23 ] Joseph J. Romm, Lean and Clean Management ( Kodansha International, 1994 ) , 102. [ 24 ] Romm, op. cit. , 94 [ 25 ] Jong-Jin Kim, Brenda Rigdon and Jonathan Graves, aˆ?Pollution Prevention in Architecture – Introductory Module ‘ , College of Architecture and Urban Planning, University of Michigan, 1998 [ www.umich.edu/~nppcpub/resources/compendia/ARCHpdfs/ARCHintIntro.pdf ] [ 26 ] Tony Brown, aˆ?Education for Sustainability: An operational theoretical account for learning sustainable design ‘ , Second Nature conference, aˆ?How Can The Architect Contribute To A Sustainable Worldaˆ? , August 24-26, 2001, Racine, Wisconsin [ www.ecosainstitute.org/philosophy.htm ] [ 27 ] European Association for Architectural Education ( EAAE ) , & A ; European Cement Association ( CEMBUREAU ) , aˆ?The Educational Community ‘s Views of Challenges in Architectural Education ‘ , 8 November 2001 [ www.eaae.be/eaae/Publications/cembureau/report121101.pdf ] [ 28 ] Jong-Jin Kim, op. cit. [ 29 ] Jong-Jin Kim, op. cit. [ 30 ] European Association for Architectural Education ( EAAE ) , op. cit. [ 31 ] Report of the UK Sustainability Special Interest Group on behalf of the Centre for Education in the Built Environment, May 2003 [ www.cebe.heacademy.ac.uk/learning/sig/pdfs/report.pdf ] [ 32 ] David Posada, aˆ?Designing A Way Out Of The Box: Teaching Sustainable Design With Technology ‘ , National Solar Energy Conference, Portland, Oregon, 2004 [ www.sbse.org/awards/docs/2004/214P.pdf ] [ 33 ] Same as 31 [ 34 ] David Posada, op. cit. [ 35 ] Society of Building Science Educators News, Spring 2002 [ www.vuw.ac.nz/architecture/sbse/spring_02/NewsSp02.pdf ] [ 36 ] Frej, Anne B. , editor. Green Office Buildings: A Practical Guide to Development. Washington, D.C. : ULI — The Urban Land Institute, 2005. Pp 4aˆâ€Å"8 [ 37 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.1stlebanon.net/editouk/atef.html [ 38 ] The official Website of the designer Atef Tabet ; www.ateftabet.com [ 39 ] MAJAL Official Website ; www.majal-lebanon.com [ 40 ] Lebanese Green Building Council Official Website ; www.lebanon-gbc.org