Invasion of Personal Privacy During Air Travel

Insured protection during air travel is essential as it protects passengers from acts of terrorism or kidnapping. Prior to the 9/11 bombing attacks of the Twin Towers in New York, security measures were not considered as a grave matter as is the case today.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Invasion of Personal Privacy During Air Travel specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, following this heinous attack, airlines and security agencies have been very keen in examining passengers’ information and devising possible methods of preventing any further attacks (Taipale 2004). On the basis of the foregoing argument, personal information is required to ensure the safety of the people. Other than conducting the usual physical searches before boarding a plane, most of the airports and airlines have intensified their security measures to great lengths. For example, air travelers are now being exposed to thorough int rusive and extensive searches (Ghobrial and Irvin 76). The new security procedures have been labeled as a form of personal privacy invasion in the name of ensuring security. However, supporters of the move see it as a necessary precaution that ensures the restoration of passengers’ security. Financial data and transactions updates are some of the private data that is being accessed at the individual level. Exposure of the information to the airline databases is prone to security breaches as many public and private entities can get hold of the information and use it for their own personal and selfish interests. Other information accessed includes home addresses, full names, home phone numbers, and credit cards, among other documents containing personal information. To some extent, this represents invasion of personal privacy but on the positive side, it ensures security of the passengers, the airliner, and all other involved stakeholders. The essay paper explores the possibili ty of justifying whether invasion of personal privacy is a necessary security procedure for the insured protection during air travel. The preposition of the essay is that Invasion of personal privacy is a necessary security procedure for the insured protection during air travel. After the attempted ‘Christmas Bomber’ in 2009 when a Nigerian national (Fiske 174) passed all the security checks and tried detonating a bomb that was concealed in his underwear, the issue of body full scan has brought a lot of controversy (Engle 2010). Opponents of the proposed scanning argue that it is invasion of security as the scanners will be able to view body contours and private parts (Engle 2010). This has been opposed by people of diverse moral and religious views who see it a as a form of violating personal privacy. However, taking into account the potential damage to the passengers and the airline following such an explosion, then the intrusion of the privacy is worth the risk.Adver tising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Also, killing passengers through an explosion is invasion of privacy on its own since the lives of people are at stake and an individual’s privacy is not much important compared to the risk involved. Using this kind of technology which invades personal privacy is only meant to prevent acts of terrorism, thus ensuring security (Taipale 2004). The belief that the scanning will break the child pornographic laws and privacy cannot be compared with the danger posed to the lives of people. Although there has been no incidence in which a child has been seen to have committed a security breach, nonetheless, there is no age discrimination when terrorism acts are concerned. Therefore, scanning minors should be viewed as a way of protecting the people since chances of security agents using the scanned images or positing them to the internet are very lo w. Those opposed to scanning on grounds that it invades personal privacy are justified to hold such a view but at the same time, we need to strike a balance between on the one hand, privacy and on the other hand, security. In the event that minors are not scanned and are used to transport explosive devices unknowingly, resulting in the explosion of airplanes, the blame shall be on the security agencies for their reluctance to protect the lives of innocent citizens. Scanning of minors breaks the child porn law but since the same child is also receiving vital protection, on such grounds, there is a justification in implementing such rules. Privacy has been seen as the â€Å"flashpoint for many security issues, a legal analysis begins with the fact that there is no unfettered constitutional right to anonymity† (Nicholson 241). Although the First Amendment allows the freedom of association and speech, the moment a person enters the public domain, some part of their privacy is inv aded. Nobody likes his/her privacy being invaded, but with the increased incidents of airplane attacks by terrorists, it is reasonable to sacrifice a bit of personal privacy for security procedures. The right to anonymity has been rendered weak by a five judge committee in the Hiibel v. Nevada case of June 2004 (Nicholson 241). Although the case was basically not about airplane security, it emerged that the police did not break the Fifth Amendment by stopping Hibbel for search based on reasonable suspicion rather than probable cause. The court verdict was that no incidents of self incrimination by a police asking for identification were witnessed. It concluded that because of security reasons and procedures asking for a name is non testimonial and it does not invoke the Fifth Amendment (Nicholson 241).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Invasion of Personal Privacy During Air Travel specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Based on this, it can be argued that seeking personal information does not invoke the fifth amendment of the American constitution. This is because â€Å"security is a national defense issue† (OECD 95) and the government has all the reasons to defend its people from any acts that may jeopardize their security. It is the obligation of the government to protect its people from any insecurity issues. The usual method of searching people and their luggage infiltrates the privacy of the passengers. However, from a logical point of view, going through the clothes of an individual as part of security procedures is reasonable even if it with be carried on basis of reasonable suspicion. According to the TSA which is responsible for security measures at airports, the security measures need to be carried to ensure that no inconveniences are heightened to passengers as well as identifying high risk travelers and suspicious ones (Ghobrial and Irvin 77). For the positive side, the searche s are made to protect and enhance security. Personal information like credit cards, emails, bank accounts, and insurance (Fiske 181) can be used to by other parties to satisfy their needs if it falls in the wrong hands. This invades security of the people. However, this information and data from the FBI and other security agencies can be used for tracking and investigating any person with history of terrorism. The intention of the government is to keep the terrorists away from airlines and increase security (Ghobrial and Irvin 78). The Privacy Act of 1974 is a major statute that governs the federal government in acquiring and using the records that contain personal information (Gindin 1997). However, the act has prohibited on the intrusion and the use of personal information without consent. It is also under the same act that allows the use of the information in some given circumstances. Some of the circumstances include disclosure for routine checkups or use â€Å"for law enforcem ent purposes, and for protecting the health or safety of an individual† (Gindin 1997). Therefore, the law allows the use of personal information for enforcement and safety of the person. By information record, it implies any item or information of a particular person that may include financial transactions, identity number, criminal records, name, symbol, and any other identification assigned to an individual (Gindin 1997). Based on the privacy law, a government agency that is concerned on security of an individual has the right to use private information for the protection of that individual as well as others. The act further points out that the information cannot be used for computer matching for foreign counter intelligence purpose as d in the Computer Matching and Privacy Act of 1988 (Gindin 1997).Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This is seen as invasion of privacy which is against the human rights provisions. Nonetheless, some agreements have been reached between the EU and the US to share information of its passengers before they board planes for security reasons (Nicholson 244). The sharing of private information for security reasons is a measure to ensure that all people are safeguarded from any incidents of terror. In the case of Kent v. Dulles (1958), Justice William O. Douglas said that â€Å"The right to travel is a part of the â€Å"liberty† of which the citizen cannot be deprived without due process of law under the Fifth Amendment† (Electronic Privacy Information Center). He also added that movement in either US or outside was part of the US national heritage. This means that people can move from one destination to another without any restrictions. However, it points out that the liberty of travel can be deprived under due process as required by the law in the Fifth Amendment. When p ersonal checkups are carried the liberty of the people is not deprived but restored. After the 9/11 incident and the Christmas Bomber aviation security has been beefed up as part of security procedures. Several proposals like screeners, bag searching for bombs from innocent people, air marshals in flights do not implicate personal privacy interest (Electronic Privacy Information Center). The essence of all these measures is to differentiate a genuine air traveler and imposters who have hidden agenda. This precautionary measure should not be seen as part of malicious invasion of personal privacy. It should be seen as a security procedure of ensuring the safety of the passengers in air travel as well as that of other stakeholders. The profiling through modern technology is not an incriminating act; it is an act that ensures the welfare of the people in whole is protected. Although personal invasion of privacy is incriminating, it is part of security procedure. In my opinion, invasion of personal privacy is a necessary security procedure for the insured protection during air travel. Based on the increased insecurity in the air travel, it is reasonable to sacrifice some privacy for the purpose of security measures. It is also logical that a balance between law and privacy is reached to satisfy both sides. Security of the people is fundamental and so is the safeguarding of the lives of people. Invading privacy for the reasons of the later is a necessary precaution that is usually undertaken to prevent any acts of terrorism or any threats to the people boarding an airline. Opponents’ arguments are that security checks invades the privacy of the people which is true. However, they don’t assess the other side of privacy invasion as part of security procedure and the benefits it has on the people. Therefore, it can be concluded that Invasion of personal privacy is a necessary security procedure for the insured protection during air travel. It is a precaut ionary procedure that ensures the safety of people by eliminating any suspicious travelers who pose security threats to airlines. It also ensures that terrorists are kept away from the airports since they cannot dare board airplanes knowing well they will undergo scrutiny. The security measures benefit the passengers from insecurity incidents that may put their lives in danger. The use of scanners which have been received with much opposition for they invade privacy would ensure the incidents like that of the Christmas Bomber do not occur again. The measures have been put into place after it was discovered that the current mechanisms have no technological capacity of detecting non metallic bombs. The act of terrorism has been advanced technologically and this leaves no room for taking any chances. A balance between security and privacy is needed to stop the much ongoing debate from both sides. Works Cited Electronic Privacy Information Center. Air Travel Privacy. n.d. Web. https://e pic.org/privacy/airtravel/. Engle, Thomas. â€Å"New airport security measures violate passengers’ privacy, dignity.† The Daily Athenaeum,   15 Nov. 2010. Web. Fiske, Ian. â€Å"Failing to Secure the Skies: Why America has struggled to Protect Itself and how it can Change†. Virginia Journal of Law Technology 15. 173 (2010): 174-195. Ghobrial, Atef and Wes, A. Irvin. â€Å"Combating Air Terrorism: Some Implications to the Aviation Industry†. Journal of Air Transportation 9. 3 (2004):67-86. Gindin, Susan E. â€Å"Lost and Found In Cyberspace: Informational Privacy in the Age of the Internet†. San Diego Law Review,  1153(2010): n. pag. Web. Nicholson, William C.  Homeland Security Law and Policy. Springfield, Ill: C.C Thomas, 2005. Print. OECD. Terrorism and International Transport: Towards Risk-Based Security Policy. Paris: OECD/ITF, 2009. Print. Taipale, K. A. Data Mining and Domestic Security: Connecting the Dots to Make Sense of Data. The C olumbia Science and Technology Law Review. 2004: n. pag. Web. This essay on Invasion of Personal Privacy During Air Travel was written and submitted by user Lacey Willis to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Therapeutic Technique of Heliox Therapy

Therapeutic Technique of Heliox Therapy Abstract This study analyzes heliox therapy as a medical intervention that is done using oxygen and helium to aid in the process of alleviating various respiratory distresses. Heliox therapy has been in use in the medical field since 1935 when it was first used in the treatment of asthma (Brandao Britto et al., 2011, p.948).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Therapeutic Technique of Heliox Therapy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is also used as a medical intervention of COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease) (Allan Thomas et al., 2009, p.1175) and bronchiolitis. Before the use of helium as a carrier gas, nitrogen was used as the carrier gas for oxygen. This makes helium easy to inhale, hence facilitating rapid oxygen absorption in the blood stream. The study also presents a description of a psychological problem and in particular the problems experienced by acute asthmatic people in terms of carbon dioxide exchange. As a therapy option, a gas mixture of nitrogen and oxygen can be administered into the blood stream of a patient to supply the necessary oxygen deficit in the effort to minimize the work required to absorb adequate air to meet the oxygen needs of patients. Another alternative is to use helium-oxygen gas mixture in a therapeutic intervention referred as heliox therapy. Further, the study provides an overview of the associated diseases including clinical and physiologic effects. The study also provides the technical considerations when giving the heliox therapy. Besides, it offers the positive effects that the therapy has on acute asthmatic patients. Finally, the study provides the role played by a therapist when giving any therapeutic intervention. Description of the Physiologic Problem Acute asthmatic people have problems in carbon dioxide exchange. Before medicinal interventions are done, it is necessary for short-term interventions in the preparation of medicina l interventions to be conducted to ensure that patients awaiting treatment have sufficient carbon dioxide exchange. Among the alternatives available for physiologic experts are mechanical ventilations, bronchodilators, and ticosteroids among others. While attempting to address this problem, consideration of scholarly evidence on the effectiveness of heliox therapy in the treatment of respiratory infection is important. Yilmaz, Daglioglu, and Yildizdas et al. (2013) did a research on the effectiveness of heliox in acute respiratory distress syndrome where they found out that heliox is associated with positive responses of ARDS inflation apart from having positive impacts on the treatment of obstructive lung ailments (p.47). Since 1930s, heliox has been used in the treatment of reparatory ailments even before bronchodilators were invented. In the modern age, heliox is normally deployed in situations involving the narrowing of the large airway passages due to tumors (Yilmaz, Daglioglu Yildizdas et al, 2013). However, it is also used for medium airways, especially in case of asthma and COPD (Hess et al., 2006). Heliox is also deployed in other medical interventions involving difficulties in availing adequate oxygen to the patients’ body systems.Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For instance, upon studying the effects of shifts of breathing gas from air to heliox mixtures on the resolution of air bubbles in lipid and aqueous tissues of recompressed rats, Hyldegaard, Kerem, and Melamed (2011) concluded that there should be no delays in the deployment of heliox in the treatment of â€Å"air driving induced-decompression sickness† (p.2183). This suggests that heliox therapy can be utilized as a therapeutic intervention for all respiratory problems in patients waiting medical intervention since heliox has no curative effect. Overvie w of the associated Diseases including Clinical and Physiologic effects Heliox therapy can be used in the treatment of asthma and COPD. The application of heliox in the therapeutic intervention for asthma attracts controversy. In a meta-analysis research involving four random trials for treatment of acute asthma using heliox in an emergency care setting conducted on adults together with children by Rodrigo, Rodrigo, Pollack, and Travers as quoted by Chevrolet (2001), no evidence of the effectiveness of heliox was recorded (p.180). Studies done by Hurford and Cheifetz (2007) and Kneyber et al. (2009) record high rates of airflow when heliox is used in place of airox for patients who are not intubated. There is scholarly agreement that heliox has no curative impact on the treatment of crisis involving acute asthma. This implies that heliox should never be used as a replacement of corticosteroids therapy and/or bronchodilators. Chevrolet (2001) insists that heliox should be used as a t herapeutic intervention for acute asthma following the failure of bronchodilator therapy in managing the condition (p.181). Resorting to heliox on the failure of bronchodilator therapy eliminates the necessity of intubation. Chevrolet (2001) maintains that this procedure is an immensely dangerous therapeutic intervention for people suffering from acute asthma (p.182). However, heliox has also been used in patients who have been intubated in the medical history of treatment of asthma. For such patients, heliox has been found to produce positive outcomes through enhancing reduction of pressure of inflation (Chevrolet, 2001). This makes the therapy important for persons having ventilation difficulties accompanied by hemodynamic instability. Another associated disease for heliox is COPD. Heliox is used in COPDs who are intubated, or not intubated (Randsoe, Kvist Hyldegaard, 2008, p.1493; Myers, 2006, p.620). In the treatment of COPD, the standard medical approach is to start with NIV. When COPD patients are acutely decompensated, probabilities for respiratory failure increase often leading to high WOB (Palange Valli et al., 2004, p.1639).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Therapeutic Technique of Heliox Therapy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More To minimize the chances of occurrence of fatigue of inspiratory muscles, NIV is administered. Scholars such Allan and Thomas et al. (2009) and Venkataraman (2006) confirm that WOB can be reduced further when NIV is combined with heliox. Heliox reduces the work of breathing in two major ways. It increases the tendency of laminar flow of oxygen within the respiratory system of a patient while reducing airflow resistance due to turbulence. Hess et al (2006) evidence this effect by arguing that where laminar flow occurs in small air passages, gas viscosity is directly related to the viscosity. In such passages, this suggests that heliox possesses minima l effects on WOB. However, in large passages, turbulence flow occurs. In such a situation, the resistance to flow of a gas is related directly to the density of the gas flowing through the passages (Hess et al., 2006). This means that heliox has incredible effects in reducing WOB. Technical Considerations of the Therapy Various scholarly findings exist on the effectiveness of heliox therapy in producing positive effects for persons suffering from respiratory diseases. However, certain difficulties may make the therapy not common in all hospitals across the world. Technical challenges are one of the difficulties. Successful administration of heliox therapy requires the possession of some prescribed technical expertise (Gupta, Grayck, Cheifetz, 2004, p.1041). The equipment deployed in the process is also expensive. Debate also continues to develop on the consideration of the overall benefits of heliox therapy when gas concentration levels differ. Particular interest is on the develop ment of guidelines on the specific levels of concentration of oxygen and helium that should be used for treatment of different respiratory ailments under specified circumstances. Technical expertise is important in the use of heliox therapy. When the mixture of the gases is used at less than 36 degrees centigrade, hypothermia may be experienced. There are technical difficulties of ensuring that the right amount of the gas mixture is delivered to meet the patients’ specific needs. Where heliox is used for patients who breathe spontaneously, pressurization of heliox in the ratio 78 (helium) to 22 (oxygen) is necessary (Chevrolet, 2001). Although helium is a largely profuse constituent in the world, its mining procedures are expensive. In this line of argument, Chevrolet (2001) puts the cost of a 60-liter tank for heliox (78:22 helium-oxygen mixtures at 200 bars) at 275 US dollars in Switzerland. Upon considering issues of uncertainness of the possible stay of patients in ICU an d the benefits of the use of heliox in the effective management of the patients’ respiratory diseases, reduction of this cost is necessary. This presents technical challenges in terms of looking for new cost-effective methods of production of heliox.Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Positive effects of the Therapy Asthmatic people experience challenges of airflow obstructions causing hyperinflation of lungs. The challenges result in an increase in the work required for inhalation processes. This introduces mechanical disadvantages to the inspiratory muscles to an asthmatic person (Brandao Britto et al., 2011, p. 298). Helium provides an advantage compared to nitrogen due to its lower density (Hess et al., 2006, p.605). Over the years, heliox has been used for medical applications, which do not involve respiratory ailments. It is also used in the treatment of ailments such as fractional obstruction of airways due to growths associated with malignancy together with engorgement of the esophagus. Such swellings may be caused by allergic infections and/or anaphylaxis. Under such conditions, heliox finds applications in that it helps in the provision of the required oxygen levels while ensuring that such people do not incur the inspiratory muscle mechanical disadvan tages. Effectiveness of the use of heliox in medical interventions of asthma is enhanced by its properties compared to air. Its density is less than that of air. Consequently, compared to air, heliox has a lower resistance to flow in the airways. Ultimately, â€Å"WOB (work of breathing) is reduced† (Chevrolet, 2001, p.179). Many health institutions recognize the deployment of heliox in the treatment of respiratory related ailments to the extent that respiratory therapists encourage the keeping of gas cylinders of heliox within hospitals for emergency care services. Amid its effectiveness as a therapeutic intervention for respiratory infections, heliox administration is done with optimal monitoring and vigilance (Gupta, Grayck Cheifetz, 2004, p.1041). Monitoring is done using chest radiographs and various mechanisms of monitoring arterial gas in the effort to provide a means of determining lung volumes together with gas exchanges (Gupta, Grayck Cheifetz, 2004, p.1041). Gupt a, Grayck, and Cheifetz (2004) studied the effects of heliox and high-frequency jet ventilation on a five-year old infant suffering from acute conditions of respiratory failure due to gas trappings, acidosis, and air leak. Heliox therapy produces positive effects for patients with respiratory problems, which result in increased work of breathing. Myers evidences positive effects on the use of NPPV in the reduction of intubation rates for some patients who are carefully selected for treatment of acute respiratory ailments (2006, p.622). When Heliox is used in conjunction with NPPV, patients depict even better response rates, especially in case of those having COPD (Palange Valli et al., 2004, p.1639). While various studies such as Hess and Chatmonqkolchart (2000) present the benefit of increased survival rate on the use NPPV particularly for patients having respiratory failures related to COPD, deployment of heliox has positive effects when used in the treatment of patients having s evere obstruction of airways or asthma. Adverse effects/Hazards In practical applications of heliox therapy, no substantial effects on patients have been recorded. Indeed, according to Hunt, Wiliams, Frith, and Schembri, heliox mixtures are nontoxic and do not produce any long lasting impacts on the patients’ bodies (2010, p.30). The only determinant of the mixing ratio is the mixture flow characteristic. Airflow within airways occurs through laminar, then transitional flow, and finally through turbulent flow. High resistances characterize turbulent flow as evidenced by higher Reynolds number (Hess et al., 2006). While air may be enriched with oxygen for use in place of helium, it has a higher tendency of changing from laminar to turbulent flow in comparison with heliox since it has a higher density (Hess et al., 2006, p.605). The density of heliox at 1 atmosphere is 0.5g/l compared to 1.25 g/l for of air (Hunt, Wiliams, Frith Schembri, 2010). Low density ensures that a maxi mum amount of oxygen is delivered through the body systems of the patient with minimal work of breathing (WOB). Air, helium, and nitrogen are used as carrier gasses. A carrier gas should have minimal adverse effects on the patient if any. No negative effects on the patients have been recorded on the use of air, nitrogen and Helium as carrier gases. Hunt, Wiliams, Frith, and Schembri further inform that heliox gas mixture of 79 percent helium and 21 percent oxygen has equal viscosity to identical gas mixtures where nitrogen is used in place of helium where heliox has one-sixth of the density of the nitrogen oxygen mixture (2010, p.30). This inclusion of a high percentage of helium in the heliox gas mixture is influenced by the low-density property in comparison to nitrogen rather than medical effects or hazards. However, even though heliox has no adverse effects on the patient, Hess and Chatmonqkolchart (2000) maintain that it has adverse effects on the functioning of the respiratory care facilities and equipment (p.161) including function monitors for pulmonary, ventilators, nebulizers, and flow meters. Role of the Respiratory Therapist In case of heliox therapy, respiratory therapists are important. They make decisions on whether the therapy should be administered to patients. In an effective use of heliox therapy, therapists have to address the question of whether the physiologic problem revealed by patients can be treated at least in the short term before medicinal interventions are introduced through heliox therapy or a combination of various therapeutic interventions. The chart below shows how therapists go about administering the therapy for asthmatic people. Source: Reuben Harris (2004) From the chart above, respiratory therapists can play proactive roles in the diagnosis of the condition of the patient to determine the necessity of conducting other therapeutic interventions for patients with acute asthma before proceeding to the administration of hel iox therapy[1]. Respiratory therapists also determine patients’ heliox requirements. This helps in the determination of the right volumes of the heliox gas mixture that is necessary for administration to meet the requirements of patients. The chart also evidences that the process of asthma treatment entails decision-making processes based on the condition of patients. Such decisions require human decision-making interfaces. The respiratory therapist can only play this role. Conclusion Persons suffering from acute asthma require a breathing aid to minimize WOB, which is caused by increased mechanical load on the respiratory system muscles. While there are different therapeutic interventions to help in the achievement of this goal, the paper focused on the heliox therapy. Use of heliox therapy has been in the medical filed in 1930s. Although it was first deployed in the treatment of asthma, it has found other applications such as the treatment of COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmo nary Disease) and bronchiolitis. The therapy involves deployment of helium as the oxygen carrier gas. Compared to air or nitrogen-oxygen gas mixture, helium-oxygen gas mixture in the ratio of 80:20 or 79:21 has low density. Hence, it results in low resistances of flow in large air passages where the flow resistance is directly related to the density. In such passages, the flow is mainly turbulent. Reduction in resistance of flow results in low WOB. This has an effect of immense relief to patients with breathing difficulties associated with asthma and brokerage of large air passages due to infections such as tumors. Although heliox therapy has no side effects in patients, the study revealed some technical difficulties associated with it together with looking for cost effective approaches to produce heliox gas mixture. Such approaches are necessary before the therapy can become common and/or a quick alternative in all hospitals across the globe. Reference List Allan, P., Thomas, K., et al. (2009). Feasibility of Noninvasive Ventilation with Helium-Oxygen Gas Flow for Chronic Obstruction Pulmonary Disease during Exercise. Respiratory care, 54(9), 1175-1182. Brandao, D., Britto, M. et al. (2011). Heliox and forwards- leaning posture improve the efficacy of Nebulized bronchodilator in acute Asthma: a randomized trial. Respiratory Care, 56(7), 947-952. Chevrolet, J. (2001). Helium Oxygen Mixtures in the Intensive Care Unit. Critical Care, 5(4), 179-181. Gupta, V., Grayck, E., Cheifetz, I. (2004). Heliox administration during high frequency jet ventilation Augments carbon dioxide clearance. Respiratory Care, 49(9), 1038-1044. Hess, D., Chatmonqkolchart, S. (2000). Techniques to Avoid Intubation: Noninvasive Positive Pressure Ventilation and Heliox Therapy. Int Anesthesiol Clin, 38(3), 161-187. Hess, D., Fink, J., Venkataraman, S., Kim, I., Myers, T., Tano, B. (2006). The History and Physics of Heliox. Respiratory Care, 51(6), 602-612. Hunt, T., Wiliams, M., Frit h, P., Schembri, D. (2010). Heliox, Dyspnoea and Exercise in COPD. European Respiratory Review, 19(115), 30-39. Hurford, W., Cheifetz, I. (2007). Should Heliox Be Used for Mechanically Ventilated Patients? Respiratory Care, 52(5), 582-591. Hyldegaard, O., Kerem, D., Melamed, Y. (2011). Effects of Breathing Gas Shifts from Air to Heliox Mixtures on Resolution of Air Bubbles in Lipid and Aqueous Tissues of Recompressed rats. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 111(9), 2183-2193. Kneyber, M., Heerde, M., Twisk, J., Ploz, F., Markhors, D. (2009). Heliox reduces respiratory system resistance in respiratory syncytial virus induced respiratory failure. Critical Care 13(3), 1-15. Myers, T. (2006). Use of Heliox in Children. Respiratory Care, 51 (6), 619-631. Palange, P., Valli, G. et al. (2004). Effects of Heliox on Lungs Dynamic Hyperinflation, Dyspnea, and Exercise Endurance Capacity in COPD Patients. Journal of Applied Psychology, 9(7), 1637-1642. Randsoe, T., Kvist, M., Hyldeg aard, O. (2008). Effect of oxygen and heliox breathing on air bubbles in adipose tissue during 25-kPa altitude exposures. Journal of Applied Physiology, 10(5), 1492-1497. Reuben, A., Harris, A. (2004). Heliox for asthma in the emergency department: a review of the literature. Emergency Medicine, 21(1), 131-5. Venkataraman, S. (2006). Heliox during Mechanical Ventilation. Respiratory Care, 51(6), 632-639. Yilmaz, S., Daglioglu, K., Yildizdas, D et al. (2013). The effectiveness of Heliox in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Annals of Thoracic Medicine, 8(1), 46-52. Footnotes Therapists play incredible roles in the process of evaluation of the requisite intervention by considering the appropriateness of various alternatives in the context of cost considerations and the condition of the patient prompting the administration of a therapy

Identify the UK legislation that attempts to protect employees against Essay

Identify the UK legislation that attempts to protect employees against discrimination and promotes equal opportunities in the UK - Essay Example Diversity management on the level of the organization would need readjustment of company policies according to the new law. The latest legislation that aims to promote equality and anti-discrimination is the Equality Act of 2010 (Equality Act 2010). This Act is a comprehensive legislation that brings together and harmonises the different laws on equality and discrimination. It supercedes in whole or in part other laws such as the Race Relations Act 1976, Disability Discrimination Act 1995 (Equality Act, ACAS n.d.), Sex Discrimination Act 1975, Sexual Orientation Regulations 2003, Religion or Belief Regulations 2003 (Introduction to Discrimination n.d.), Equality Act 2006, and Civil Partnership Act 2004 (Equality Act, Home Office n.d.). The Act also enhanced protection in specific situations (Equality Act, Home Office n.d.). The law specifically identified the characteristics that should be protected such as age, disability, gender reassignment, marriage and civil partnership, race, r eligion or belief, sex, and sexual orientation (Equality Act 2010). This categorisation simplifies the law and designed to ensure a fair environment.

Artifact 12.2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Artifact 12.2 - Essay Example Initially started by the Romans, ornate columns are greatly reflected in the contemporary American society. Apart from being used as support for buildings, ornate columns are currently used for construction of elegant designs on American buildings. Similar to modern styles reflected in contemporary architecture, Romans had a variety of styles; ionic, Doric, and Corinthian (Andrea 2007). Even though Doric columns were initially made of wood, their design has evolved and recent ones are made of stone. In the modern American society, columns are used for their simple design and excellent support in a building. Jewish life-styles, patterns of social interactions, and identities are apparently reflected in the modern American society. This is reflected in the emergence and development of American Reform Judaism that was modeled along Jewish traditions whose institutional functioning and philosophy females considerably occupied a greater position. The entrepreneurial culture reflected on the modern American society is a function of the traditional Jewish culture. Jewish culture has considerably influenced the manner in which modern Americans view the concept of a woman. This has increased the acceptance of the concept of womanhood in public representations. This is reflected in the election and nomination of women to senior government

Market rearch business plan with payback Assignment

Market rearch business plan with payback - Assignment Example Additionally, they are able to execute and provide accurate results and industry specific data that is important to their customers even before a proper deal is designed. The table below shows a list of leading competitors, rank, price, and their performance. At the beginning, the company will have 5 employees. I Dennis James will be the director; mandated to oversee the operations of the company. Other positions will include Mr. John Musapere as the marketing person, Kevin Bright as the Finance Officer, Carl Mix as the Personnel Director, Fred Martins as the Logistics Officer, and Mr. John Mark as the Chief Executive Officer. The future plan for the company is to develop and new marketing people by the second year. Upon the beginning of the company, the primary marketing person will be Mr. John Musapere, but will change when the revenue ascends, and the firm will be in a position to cash in human capital. Consequently, the company will have a marketing strategy that will be focussed on the prior needs analysis. The aim of the process will be to identify the needs of the client. After mapping out this, MemaTech Company will determine mechanisms to implement these

AC DC Three Phase Generators

AC DC Three Phase Generators Aims and Objectives The main objective of this report is to describe the investigation into operating characteristics of AC-DC Three-Phase generators and motors. The following subjects must be covered in this report for it to successfully document the investigation, these subjects will be constructed using a series of lab experiments and learner comments:- Operating characteristics of DC and AC generators supplying resistive, capacitive and inductive loads. Relationship between speed, current, power factor, and efficiency of a cage induction motor, capacitor start induction motor, synchronous motor and DC motor. Analyse the results from each of the experiments done and provide graphical analysis of the results. Introduction/ Background It is well known that the most regular type of power to be generated around the world is three phase AC. The reasons being are:- Three phase power is needed for the use of the most efficient types of industrial motors. It is considered to be the most efficient form of electrical energy to generate and distribute. Due to the performance of three phase, the size and weight of devices using it such as generators and motors are lower compared to devices using other power systems. Although it should be noted that the performance of an AC system is dependant on the power factor, not just the load in terms of current. In-order to successfully investigate the subject of AC vs. DC a total of six practical tests were completed, the practical tests will be documented in the following report and analysed. The tests completed:- AC induction motor torque-speed characteristics AC synchronous motor torque-speed characteristics AC capacitor start induction motor torque-speed characteristics DC motor torque-speed characteristics DC generator output characteristics AC generator output characteristics AC Induction Motor Test An induction motor is an asynchronous motor where through electromagnetic induction power is supplied to the rotating device. In some contexts an induction motor can be described as a rotating transformer because the stator can be shown to be the primary winding and the rotor as the secondary winding. Induction motors can be found regularly in industrial situations. Induction motors get their popularity from being rugged in construction, and from not having brushes. There is more than one design of induction motor a few examples are:- Squirrel Cage Rotor Motor Wound Rotor Motor Double Cage Rotor Motor Each of the above motor designs has its own merits; the type of motor to be used in this experiment is the cage rotor motor. Squirrel Cage Rotor Motor:- A cage induction motor rotor shown in the illustration below consists of a series of conducting bars laid into slots carved into the face of the rotor and shorted at either end by large shorting rings. The design is known as the cage rotor because of the conducting bars, if examined they can be seen to look like a squirrel or hamsters exercise wheel. 1Squirrel Cage Motor Construction Test The purpose of this test was to find the torque-speed characteristics of an AC induction motor. The characteristics that will be analysed against torque are:- Speed Current Output Power Power Factor Efficiency The basic idea behind the test, the motor is run at full speed and is connected to a brake unit. The brake unit can be adjusted to make the motor produce more or less amounts of torque. Starting at low motor torque, readings of current voltage and power are taken, then readings continue to be taken all they way to near stalling point. The test equipment is as follows:- Circuit Diagram for Cage Rotor Induction Motor Test:- Block Diagram To further explain and simplify, a block diagram of the test is included below. This shows exactly how the system operates. Brake Motor Three Phase Supply Torque Control Speed (rev/min) Ammeter, volt meter, watt meter Test Procedure A completely extensive test procedure can be found in the appendix taken from the Student Guide of TecQuipment Electrical Machines FH2 refer to appendix !!!. Results Table T.1 Torque (Nm) Speed (rev/min) Output Power (W) Wattmeter Wa (W) Wattmeter Wb (W) Input Power (W) Line Current (A) Line Voltage (V) Volt-Amperes (VA) Power Factor Efficiency (p.u.) 0.1 1500 15.708 80 0 80 0.35 245 148.52336 0.5386 0.1963495 0.2 1450 30.369 85 10 95 0.38 245 161.25393 0.5891 0.3196708 0.3 1450 45.553 95 20 115 0.4 245 169.74098 0.6775 0.3961139 0.4 1440 60.319 100 30 130 0.42 245 178.22803 0.7294 0.4639891 0.5 1425 74.613 110 40 150 0.45 245 190.9586 0.7855 0.4974188 0.6 1400 87.965 120 50 170 0.5 245 212.17622 0.8012 0.5174388 0.7 1390 101.89 130 60 190 0.55 245 233.39385 0.8141 0.5362754 0.8 1360 113.94 145 65 210 0.57 245 241.8809 0.8682 0.5425481 0.9 1350 127.23 160 80 240 0.65 245 275.82909 0.8701 0.5301438 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 The values for output power, volt-amperes, input power, power factor and efficiency were calculated using the following relationships:- Problems:- Before the results are expressed in graphical form and commented on, the report discusses any problems that occurred during the lab experiment. Only one major issue occurred during the induction motor test. The fault was due to a wiring error. A link was missing on one of the watt meters which caused the motor to single phase and not rotate. It was easy to see that it was single phasing because the current measured for one of the phases was zero, indicating an open circuit somewhere. The link was quickly replaced and the test could begin. Graphical Analysis:- Now the report illustrates the results in the table T.1 in a graphical form, to make comparison the results from the test equipment manufacture have been included as a guide. Speed vs. Torque The above graph shows the relationship between speed and torque, it shows that at a low torque the speed is at its maximum but as the torque increases the adverse happens to the speed. This is expected because increasing the torque of the motor is adding more mechanical load, thus slowing the motor down. 2Manufactures graph of Speed versus Torque (Cage Induction Motor) The graph above is a representation of the results that the manufacturer of the test machines gives as a guide. It is possible to see that from a torque of 0.1Nm to 0.9Nm the results are similar to the report authors. The torque was not taken any higher than 0.9Nm in the authors test as stalling the motor was not a desired outcome. Output Power vs. Torque This graph shows the relationship of output power versus torque taken from the lab results in table T.1; it has an obvious linear upward trend. It is expected that the output power increases as more load is put on the motor, because the motor has to work harder to maintain rotation. 3Manufactures graph of Output Power versus Torque (Cage Induction Motor) The manufactures results also share the same upward trend as the authors, but again the manufacture has taken the results past 0.9Nm and taken the motor into a stalling condition. Line Current versus Torque The graph above shows the results of torque against line current, a good upward trend is visible. This indicates that as the torque increases so does the line current, this again is due to the increase in load on the motor. 4Manufactures graph of Line Current versus Torque (Cage Induction Motor) The guide results from the manufacture complement the results that the author recorded. A steady rise is shown from around 0.35-0.4A to 0.6-0.7A at about 0.9Nm. Power Factor versus Torque The graph is showing the results from the practical lab experiment, the calculated power factor versus the torque. It can be seen from the upward trend of the graph that as the torque of the motor increases, so does the power factor. It will be later seen in the report that because the power factor increases with torque so will the efficiency. 5Manufactures graph of Power Factor versus Torque (Cage Induction Motor) The guide results above show similarities with the results gained through practical lab experiments. Torque vs. Efficiency The graph is showing the relationship between efficiency and torque, the efficiency increases as the torque does, this is expected because the output power increases with the torque. The peak efficiency occurs at around 0.75-0.8Nm after which the efficiency starts to reduce. 6Manufactures graph of Efficiency versus Torque (Cage Induction Motor) The graph above shows the relationship of torque and efficiency, the manufactures results show a similar trend to that of the authors. The results from the manufactures show more of the downward trend after 0.8Nm to eventually stalling point. Conclusion Overall the results acquired through practical experiment show encouraging results, both towards theory and also towards the manufactures guide results. Some of the graphs could have been a more steady results but it is not possible to get perfect results on something like this without doing the test many more times and taking average values. The trends do illustrate what is expected, so this means the equipment was set up correctly, and the test was carried out uniformly to manufactures guidelines. The induction motor is capable of supplying torque when needed but it will not maintain a constant speed. AC Synchronous Motor Test The major characteristic of a synchronous motor is that it stays at a constant speed regardless of no load or full load. Under certain conditions they can produce a power factor that is capable of correcting a low power factor from an inductive load. A common use for a synchronous motor is to drive a DC generator. They come in all sizes from small to thousands of horsepower. The synchronous motor works by the application of three-phase AC power to the stator which causes a rotating magnetic field. The rotor sits inside this magnetic field, and is energised with a DC voltage. The rotating magnetic field of the stator attracts the rotor magnetic field caused by the DC voltage, and a strong rotating force is then imposed on the rotor shaft. This is one of the disadvantages of the synchronous motor, it needs a DC excitation voltage to start without this the rotor will not start turning. This characteristic causes the motor to have poor starting torque, most of its torque is when it is running at synchronous speed. 7Showing the parts making up a synchronous motor Test The purpose of this test was to find the torque-speed characteristics of an AC synchronous motor. The characteristics that will be analysed against torque are:- Current Output Power Power Factor Efficiency Speed has not been considered because of the way the motor operates, a constant speed should be apparent throughout the test. In the test the motor is ran at full speed, and an adjustable brake unit will control the levels of torque the motor produces. Measurements of current, voltage and power are taken at low to high torque points to get the torque characteristics of the motor. Test Equipment:- Circuit Diagram for Synchronous Motor Test:- Block Diagram To further explain and simplify, a block diagram of the test is included below. This shows exactly how the system operates. Three Phase Supply Brake Motor DC Rotor Supply Torque Control Speed (rev/min) Ammeter, volt meter, watt meter Test Procedure The test procedure that was followed can be found in the appendix taken from the Student Guide of TecQuipment Electrical Machines FH2, refer to appendix!!!. Results Table T.2 Torque (Nm) Speed (rev/min) Output Power (W) Wattmeter Wa (W) Wattmeter Wb (W) Input Power (W) Line Current (A) Line Voltage (V) Volt-Amperes (VA) Power Factor Effieciency (p.u.) 0 1500 0 0 4 4 0.05 245 21.21762 0.1885 0 0.05 1500 7.854 0 8 8 0.05 245 21.21762 0.377 0.981748 0.1 1500 15.71 0 10 10 0.05 245 21.21762 0.4713 1.570796 0.2 1500 31.42 10 12 22 0.05 245 21.21762 1.0369 1.427997 0.3 1500 47.12 20 20 40 0.1 245 42.43524 0.9426 1.178097 0.4 1500 62.83 30 30 60 0.15 245 63.65287 0.9426 1.047198 0.5 1500 78.54 38 39 77 0.2 245 84.87049 0.9073 1.019998 0.6 1500 94.25 50 46 96 0.25 245 106.0881 0.9049 0.981748 0.7 1500 110 55 52 107 0.25 245 106.0881 1.0086 1.027624 0.8 1500 125.7 60 65 125 0.3 245 127.3057 0.9819 1.00531 0.9 1500 141.4 70 72 142 0.35 245 148.5234 0.9561 0.995575 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 The values for output power, volt-amperes, input power, power factor and efficiency are calculated using the following relationships:- Graphical Analysis:- The report now includes graphical representation of the results table T.2; the guide graphs from the TecQuipment the machine manufacture have been included to compare result reliability. Output Power vs. Torque The above shows the relationship between torque and output power, it can be seen that as the torque produced increases so does the output power. This outcome is expected because the motor has to turn a greater load and remain at a constant speed. 8Manufactures graph of Output Power versus Torque (Synchronous Motor) The manufactures graph also shows the output power increasing with the torque. Line Current versus Torque The line current in this graph is taking an upwards trend indicating as the torque produced is increased so does the line current. The motor is working harder to produce more torque and therefore putting more load on the line. 9Manufactures graph of Line current versus Torque (Synchronous Motor) The manufactures graph shows a smoothing increase in line current against torque but does compare with the results gained from the test. Power Factor versus Torque The power factor in this graph is shown to increase to a level above 0.8 very quickly and stays there till the end of the test (0.9Nm). Synchronous motors normally run at a very good power factor close to unity, and this is represented in the results from the test. 10Manufactures graph of Power Factor versus Torque (Synchronous Motor) The manufactures guide graph shows a similar trend to that of the report authors. Efficiency vs. Torque The above graph showing the relationship of torque and efficiency shows a really good level of efficiency produced by the motor, but the trend is not very reliable as it would not be expected to go past 1. Synchronous motors do have good efficiency higher than that of induction motors. 11Manufactures graph of Efficiency versus Torque (Synchronous Motor) The manufactures graph shows a much more reliable trend of efficiency of the synchronous motor, but it does still show that the motor is very efficient. Conclusion The results for this test could have been better and if the test was to be repeated then more effort would be made to get better measurements. Although with this in mind the graphs do show what is expected from a synchronous motor in terms of torque characteristics. In comparison to the induction motor, the synchronous motor has improved characteristics of:- Less load in terms of current on the line. Better Power factor (closer to unity) Better Efficiency It would be interesting to find out the difference in starting torque capacity of the two motors because the induction motor would be expected to have a greater starting torque than the synchronous, based on the research into the operation of these two types of motor. AC Capacitor Start Induction Motor Test The most common AC induction motor in use today is probably the single phase induction motor. The reasons for this are that they require little maintenance, and are the least expensive. In the single phase AC induction motor the stator magnetic field does not rotate, it simply alternates polarity as a result of the AC voltage changing polarity. Through magnetic induction a voltage is induced in the rotor, however this alone will not cause the motor to turn. This is why starting methods are needed for single phase AC induction motors. Capacitor Start In this type of induction motor the stator is made up of a main winding and a starting winding. The starting winding is connected in series with a capacitor, which offers between the two windings a phase difference of 90 degrees. The result when the motor is started is that between the two windings a rotating magnetic field is created and is enough to start the motor. Once nearly full speed occurs then a speed sensitive switch cuts out the starting winding and the motor runs as a single phase motor. In this way of starting the starting winding is not designed to give the motor high starting torque and so only small motors can use this system. Test The purpose of this test was to find the torque-speed characteristics of an AC induction motor. The characteristics that will be analysed against torque are:- Speed Current Output Power Power Factor Efficiency The basic idea behind the test, the motor is run at full speed and is connected to a brake unit. The brake unit can be adjusted to make the motor produce more or less amounts of torque. Starting at low motor torque, readings of current voltage and power are taken, then readings continue to be taken all they way to near stalling point. Test Equipment:- Circuit Diagram for Synchronous Motor Test:- Block Diagram To further explain and simplify, a block diagram of the test is included below. This shows exactly how the system operates. Brake Motor Three Phase Supply Torque Control Speed (rev/min) Ammeter, volt meter, watt meter Test Procedure An extensive test procedure can be found in the appendix taken from the Student Guide of TecQuipment Electrical Machines FH2 refer to appendix !!!. Results Table T.3 Torque (Nm) Speed (rev/min) Output Power (W) Input Power (W) Supply Current (A) Line Voltage (V) Volt-Amperes (VA) Power Factor Effieciency (p.u.) 0.1 1450 15.18 250 1.7 245 416.5 0.6 0.0607375 0.2 1450 30.37 290 1.75 245 428.75 0.676 0.1047198 0.3 1450 45.55 310 1.8 245 441 0.703 0.1469455 0.4 1448 60.65 330 1.81 245 443.45 0.744 0.183799 0.5 1425 74.61 355 1.9 245 465.5 0.763 0.210177 0.6 1400 87.96 390 1.97 245 482.65 0.808 0.2255502 0.7 1390 101.9 421 2.05 245 502.25 0.838 0.2420245 0.8 1350 113.1 470 2.2 245 539 0.872 0.2406326 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 The values for output power, volt-amperes, input power, power factor and efficiency were calculated using the following relationships:- Problems:- Before the results are expressed in graphical form and commented on, the report discusses any problems that occurred during the lab experiment. Only one major issue occurred during the induction motor test. The fault was due to a wiring error. A link was missing on one of the watt meters which caused the motor to single phase and not rotate. It was easy to see that it was single phasing because the current measured for one of the phases was zero, indicating an open circuit somewhere. The link was quickly replaced and the test could begin. Graphical Analysis:- Now the report illustrates the results in the table T.1 in a graphical form, to make comparison the results from the test equipment manufacture have been included as a guide. Speed vs. Torque Supply Current versus Torque Power Factor versus Torque Efficiency vs. Torque Conclusion Overall the results acquired through practical experiment show encouraging results, both towards theory and also towards the manufactures guide results. Some of the graphs could have been a more steady result but it is not possible to get perfect results on something like this without doing the test many more times and taking average values. The trends do illustrate what is expected, so this means the equipment was set up correctly, and the test was carried out uniformly to manufactures guidelines. DC Motor Test The working principle behind any DC motor is the attraction and repulsion of magnets. The simplest motors use electromagnets on a shaft, with permanent magnets in the case of the motor that attract and repel the electromagnets. The reason for using electromagnets is so that it is possible to flip their magnetic field (their north and south poles). So the electromagnet is attracted to one of the permanent magnets. As soon as it reaches the permanent magnet, its north and south poles flip so that it is repelled from that magnet and attracted to the other permanent magnet. This video shows you the parts and how they fit together: Test The purpose of this test was to find the torque-speed characteristics of an AC induction motor. The characteristics that will be analysed against torque are:- Speed Current Efficiency The basic idea behind the test, the motor is run at full speed and is connected to a brake unit. The brake unit can be adjusted to make the motor produce more or less amounts of torque. Starting at low motor torque, readings of current voltage and power are taken, then readings continue to be taken all they way to near stalling point. Test Equipment:- Circuit Diagram for DC Motor Test:- Block Diagram To further explain and simplify, a block diagram of the test is included below. This shows exactly how the system operates. Brake Motor Three Phase Supply Torque Control Speed (rev/min) Ammeter, volt meter, watt meter Test Procedure An extensive test procedure can be found in the appendix taken from the Student Guide of TecQuipment Electrical Machines FH2 refer to appendix !!!. Results Table T.4 Torque (Nm) Speed (rev/min) Voltage (V) Current (A) Input Power (W) Output Power (W) Efficiency (p.u.) 0.05 4600 104 0.55 57.2 24.085544 0.421075938 0.1 3900 104 0.65 67.6 40.840704 0.604152433 0.15 3200 104 0.75 78 50.265482 0.644429262 0.2 2800 104 0.9 93.6 58.643063 0.626528449 0.25 2600 104 1 104 68.067841 0.654498469 0.3 2300 104 1.15 119.6 72.256631 0.604152433 0.35 2100 104 1.2 124.8 76.96902 0.616738942 0.4 1900 104 1.35 140.4 79.587014 0.566859073 0.45 1800 104 1.5 156 84.823002 0.54373719 0.5 1600 104 1.6 166.4 83.775804 0.503460361 0.55 1500 104 1.7 176.8 86.393798 0.488652703 0.6 1400 104 1.85 192.4 87.964594 0.457196436 0.65 1300 104 1.9 197.6 88.488193 0.447814742 0.7 1250 104 2.1 218.4 91.629786 0.419550301 0.75 1200 104 2.15 223.6 94.24778 0.421501698 The values for output power, volt-amperes, input power, power factor and efficiency were calculated using the following relationships:- Problems:- Before the results are expressed in graphical form and commented on, the report discusses any problems that occurred during the lab experiment. Only one maj

U.S. Marshall Matt Dillon as the Ideal American :: American Culture Essays

U.S. Marshall Matt Dillon as the Ideal American The old-west lawman is an American hero and represents the ideals of American society. He is immediately thought of when one contemplates strength of character and other fine qualities. As an irreplaceable part of American tradition, his characteristics are looked upon as a model to all other Americans. Much of what is known about the old-west lawman comes from stories of fiction one of these being the radio program Gunsmoke. Matt Dillon, a U.S. Marshall, plays the lead role in this favorite American radio series. In each episode he beats the odds as he protects his home of Dodge City. Demonstrating the qualities of the old-west lawman, Matt Dillon, of Gunsmoke, is trusting, respectful, and courageous. Even with all that is bad in the world, Dillon is still quick to trust. Unlike so many others, who automatically believe the worst about people, Dillon easily trusts a persons word. In the episode Potato Road Dillon gives Budge the benefit of the doubt even though he seems a little fishy. In the episode Robber Bride Groom, Dillon allows Jack and Laura, both of whom he had arrested, to leave town, because he trusted that they would do what is right. To support Dillons judgment, the listener is given no reason to consider that Jack and Laura wont live up to Dillons expectations. Even when others arent willing to trust people, Dillon is there to defend. For example, in The Liar from Blackhawk Dillon justifies his trust in the gunman traveling through town by saying: Hes a paid gunman, but Ive never known him to lie. In Dillons eyes everyone is innocent until proven guilty. This trust allows others to trust Dillon - if he has trust in you, why shouldnt you have trust in him. Respect if something you must first give before one can receive it, and U.S. Marshal Matt Dillon lives by this principle. In Potato Road when Dillons sidekick, Chester, helps him save themselves and the town, Dillon is quick to give credit to Chester. Dillon himself is humble as he thanks Chester for his quick thinking and hard work. It could be considered easy to respect people who have just saved your life, however it shows trust strength of character to be respectful when someone is insulting you. Dillon displays this strength in Robber Bride Groom when Mr. Reeves demeans Dillon and his position as U.

Whether the Construction Industry Is the ‘Pillar’ Industry in Hong Kong?

BRE216ECONOMICS FOR CONSTRUCTION AND REAL ESTATE Kwan Tsz Him (11168188D) Kwan Cheuk Pui (11055717D) Cheng Ming Xian (11704592D) Introduction Although Hong Kong has less land, there are always construction projects happening everywhere in Hong Kong, for example, West Kowloon Cultural District development, Kwun Tong redevelopment project, etc. However, workers and capital involved in the construction industry have been decreasing.In this report, we will discuss whether the construction industry is the ‘pillar’ industry in Hong Kong and we disagree with it. Focused industries As proposed by the Government decades ago, there are four ‘pillar’ industries in Hong Kong, namely, financial services, trading and logistics, tourism and producer and professional services. They account for about 60% of GDP and nearly half of the total workforce, in which construction industry is counted in the producer and professional services.In the 21st century, the Government wants to look forward and follow the trend of technological and advanced world, they proposed another six new ‘pillar’ industries, concerning testing and certification, medical services, innovation technology, culture and creative industries, environmental industry and education services, in which construction industry is not counted in any ‘pillar’ industry and no longer treated as important by the Government. Features of local construction industry There are several features for local construction industry in Hong Kong, with dangerous working environment being the major one.Without doubt, accidents happen all the time in Hong Kong when you simply flip through the newspaper. Some of the accidents are inevitable while some happened due to carelessness. For example, the workers may not be aware of the safety regulations, accidents always happen while the workers do not obey the safety regulations as well as not to follow the working regulations. Besides, competiti on between overseas contractors is keen. Nowadays, a lot of construction projects in Hong Kong are outsourced to overseas contractors. It is because the technology is more advanced in overseas countries such as in Germany, the United States, France, etc.With reasonable price and advanced technology, the other countries sometimes are more competitive. Moreover, labor intensive is also the label of construction industry in Hong Kong. Limited land with high population is a characteristic for Hong Kong. Labor can be easily found, however, is only applicable in the past. This will be examined in the report later. Concerning the environment, pollution is in line with the construction industry to a large extent. Since construction work will inevitably pose noise, air and sometimes water pollution.The pollution extent depends on the scale of the project. Basically, the larger scale of a construction project, the greater the pollution will be resulted. Reasons of excluding construction indus try as pillar an industry in Hong Kong As mentioned before, the feature of labor intensive can only be described in old years due to the transformation of economy. In late 80s, the HKSAR has been transforming the whole economy from labor intensive industry to commercial industry which is defined as tertiary services as finance and accounting, investing, banking and so on.In such knowledge-based society, the unemployment rate for those with low education level could be especially higher. Also, there is no new blood to enter such industry. This can actually be explained by the above phenomenon. Nowadays, most of the workers are 50 years old or above and the industry faces the aging problem. As this cannot be fixed, construction industry will decline gradually. Nowadays, the opportunity of receiving proper education is higher, thus the citizens do not willing to enter to an industry with gloomy future. Diagram showing the percentage of population distribution in different working secto rsAs for the construction industry, we may see that the percentages are actually fluctuating throughout the years and increased from 5. 4% to 6. 8% in 1971 and 2006 respectively. Only a light increase in population is resulted and also, it just accounts for a little percentage. Frankly speaking, a lot of buildings are, nowadays, built for different uses for economic development and social settlement. However, the problem of aging of such industry is becoming more serious and we can barely see how the government has implemented any scheme to cope with such problem.Total building and construction output and annual percentage change (Census and Statistics Department) | Total construction as % of GNP| Current value| 2006| 25. 1| 14. 2| 2007| 23. 7| -0. 1| 2008| 21. 1| -15. 6| 2009| 13. 8| -44. 6| 2010| 9. 2| -35. 0| Direct and indirect employment construction (Census and Statistics Department) As the diagram above suggests that the direct and indirect employment in construction is shrin king from 2004 to 2010. Also, the total output as well as the total construction as percentage of GNP is decreasing from 25. 1% to 9. 2% in 2004 and 2010 respectively.This data has indicated that the economic return and contribution to Hong Kong is contracting to a large extent. Construction distribution to GDP Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by Economic Activity – Percentage Contribution to GDP at Basic Prices (Census and Statistics Department) | 2006| 2007| 2008| 2009| 2010| Construction| 2. 7| 2. 6| 3. 0| 3. 2| 3. 3| Services| 91. 7| 92. 8| 92. 5| 92. 6| 92. 9| GDP refers to the market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period. From the table above, we can find that from 2006 to 2010, the construction industry only contributed about 3% to GDP.To compare with other industries, construction industry seems has not reach the standard of becoming a pillar in Hong Kong. The problem of construction industry in Hong Kong Building contractors in Hong Kong are usually small. The competition between domestic and foreign building contractors is keen, because our building technology is labor-intensive and traditional. They compete on price, and cut costs, and sometimes, very unfortunately, corner as well. Consequently, the problems of safety and lack of technology development happened. Besides, the building cost in Hong Kong is among the highest in advanced economies.As a result of low profitability, most industry participants adopt a short-term view on business development. Complex infrastructure projects have been undertaken by international contractors most of the time. According to Labour Department accident statistics for 2005, the accident rates per 1,000 workers in the construction industry is 59. 9, these figures were higher than the overall accident rate of 30. 6 per 1,000 workers in all industries. Due to the risk is higher than other industries, lack of graduates over the next two/three years will associate with con struction.The potential danger has reduced the possibility to attract leaving certificate students into the construction professions, it increases the difficulty to continue and expand the construction industry. Number distribution of workers in construction industry (Labour Department) | End of 2000| Beginning of 2009| Total workers| 83924| 51944| Public| 44355| 20825| Private| 32704| 31119| Building| 61676| 40772| Civil| 22248| 11172| Conclusion To conclude, we do agree that construction is very important in Hong Kong. Real estate is closely linked with the economy and it creates many job opportunities.During the â€Å"financial tsunami†, government even earmarked large amounts of public money on construction projects to stimulate the economy. However, the distribution from construction industry to GDP becomes less and less while compare with the past, it only holds about 3% of GDP every year. Besides, with many problems in this industries, it is not easy for the Government to make it as a ‘pillar’ industry. We suggest that the Government still need to put focus on construction industry but it need not to be the pillar industry in Hong Kong. Reference 1.Census and Statistics Department: Report on the Quarterly Survey of Construction Output, 3rd Quarter 2011 http://www. censtatd. gov. hk/freedownload. jsp? file=publication/stat_report/commerce/B10900022011QQ03B0100. pdf&title=Report+on+the+Quarterly+Survey+of+Construction+Output&issue=Third+Quarter+2011&lang=1 2. Census and Statistics Department: Real Estate Project Statistics http://www. censtatd. gov. hk/hong_kong_statistics/statistical_tables/index. jsp? tableID=119 3. Census and Statistics Department: Statistics in the industry section of construction http://www. enstatd. gov. hk/hong_kong_statistics/statistical_tables/index. jsp? tableID=116 4. HK Job News http://www. hkjobnews. com/2010/03/7. html 5. Construction Workers Registration Authority. Annual report http://www. cwra. org. hk /information/AnnualReport/report11/index. htm 6. Shair W, Bright horizon for Hong Kong's construction sector: Recruiting newcomers. http://www. careertimes. com. hk/english/article/show_article. asp? category_id=1037;article_id=14111;title=bright-horizon-for-hong-kong-s-construction-sector;listby=date;listby_id

What are the contrasts between Blanche and Stanley in A streetcar named desire Essays

What are the contrasts between Blanche and Stanley in A streetcar named desire Essays What are the contrasts between Blanche and Stanley in A streetcar named desire Paper What are the contrasts between Blanche and Stanley in A streetcar named desire Paper Essay Topic: A Streetcar Named Desire Literature Blanche and Stanley are at juxtaposition towards each other, there is a conflict between them that goes beyond simply disliking one another. One of the explanations for this is that Blanche comes from a very different world to Stanley. In many ways Stanleys represents new America whereas Blanche represents the old, America. This contrast of hard working, manual labour against well mannered, chivalrous and delicate is one of the very first conflicts of culture. In a way Blanche represents the old south, which in history supported slavery. We can see Blanche representing the confederacy, the posh upper class slave owners and Stanley as the would-be slave, resentful of his treatment from the South and by Blanche. Another contrast is the animalistic natures of the two characters. In many ways Blanche is like a moth. Her delicate nature and fragility invoke images of the cover of the book. Stanley is more like a bear, a heavily territorial creature that will fiercely protect its mate. Further evidence that Blanche is like a moth can be seen in her behaviour. Moths never really stay in one place; they flit from place to place, and in Blanches case from one danger to another. The cover shows a harsh light bulb, which is the harsh reality of the world in a sense. Blanche often seeks out the light because of what she lost, even though it hurts her. The flamingo hotel is one example of this; the young man is another. She seeks to find that spotlight that will light up her world again and risk herself in the process. Stanley on the other hand does not have the capacity for those feelings. He wears bold, primary colours such as red and green and purple, which convey his animalistic passion whereas Blanche is not motivated in this way. Relying often on the ethereal illusions of the mind. This is perhaps what frustrates Stanley; Blanche is nothing substantial, she is almost devoid of reason. This goes against Stanleys perceptions about the world, that everything is black and white and that you are either friend or foe. Much like in nature. In many ways Blanches character is something of a contradiction, she seeks out new love in order to find what was lost, and yet she has not looked inwards at herself to question her own actions much. She regrets telling Alan that he disgusted her and she defends her picture of him in an act of defiance against Stanley. This contradicts my point earlier about her only believing in the ethereal. Because in order to counter Stanleys passion you have to fight fire with fire and be passionate yourself. So perhaps deep down Blanche is more like Stanley. She is heavily territorial regarding Alan and protective of his memory. Something which reflects in the name of the book A streetcar named desire Blanche in effect believes the world is illusionary, but her desire forces her to accept some things are real and like a streetcar she has no choice abut changing course. The things she accepts as real [IE Her love for Alan] she will defend fiercely. Stanley on the other hand has formed a very hunter-gatherer relationship with Stella. She is like a trophy, a symbol of something he has conquered with his passionate tendencies. They fall out and fight it seems on a regular basis, but they are inexplicably attracted back to each other. The contrast then can be seen in Stella as well as Blanche. Stella is more down-to-earth, more like Stanley than her sister. She accepts certain facts whereas Blanche fabricates ways around them. Stanley also resents Blanche because of her reliance of the imaginary. His perception of the world puts him as the alpha male, women should be attracted to him and in return he can control them through force. Blanche seems to be immune to this, looking down her nose at him and not succumbing to lust. I imagine Stanley has not encountered this from women before. Stanley not only believes in reality, he is reality. He is the hard knuckled, nature driven man and Blanche is the white, ethereal spectre, which fades in and out of reality. In that respect the characters are very much in two different worlds with two different beliefs. Going back to the moth idea, Blanche moves from place to place on impulse. Impulse can be described as the single track, single path nature of a streetcar carriage. She talks about fabricating lies to attract men she has had previous relations with, she does not wish to lose face despite already having lost most of it in her hometown of Laurel. Quite clearly Blanche has not got quite a sound mind, because it seems to fabricate reality to what suits her. She still believes she is a lady of upper-class nature, but she has essentially tainted herself through her activities at the flamingo. She bathes a lot, and this frustrates Stanley. He works in the grease and muck and does not see it necessary to clean himself as often as Blanche, and yet she washes herself constantly. Blanche characteristically dresses in white, the purest form of light. When she bathes she is cleansing herself. I think that she might be trying to cleanse the blood of her dead husband from herself. Stanley does not seem to have been through the emotional trauma that she has, and so cannot understand how she feels. When you murder someone, directly or otherwise, it sticks in your mind and Blanche has convinced herself of her responsibility towards his death. In summer then, Blanche shares a few passionate similarities with Stanley. Her perception of reality is similar to Stanleys when it comes to love. However she surrounds herself with the false and the fake, to comfort herself and to try and cleanse her body of the taint that surrounds it.

Make a Home Chemistry Kit

Make a Home Chemistry Kit This is a list of chemicals that you can keep at home so your kids can do chemistry projects and grow crystals. The activities are safe for kids with adult supervision. Store the chemicals safely, away from young children and pets, as with any household chemicals. Substances for at Home Experiments Water- Distilled is probably better. You can do experiments with tap water.Table salt (sodium chloride)- Grocery store item  found in the baking/spice aisle. You can grow salt crystals at home easily.Borax- Usually sold with laundry detergents, otherwise with household cleaners.Corn starch- Grocery store item  found in the baking/spice aisle.White glue- Its sold with school supplies.Vinegar- Grocery store item, location varies. There are different types of vinegar. White vinegar is clear, but usually, cider vinegar would work if thats what you have.Baking soda (sodium bicarbonate)- Grocery store item found in the baking/spice aisle.Food coloring- Grocery store item  found in the baking/spice aisle.Epsom Salts (magnesium sulfate)- Found near the pharmacy section, usually. You can grow Epson Salts crystals at home quickly  and easily.Vodka- Used as ethanol. Its not necessary, but good to have for some projects. In many cases, rubbing alcohol (isopropyl) would work. One comes fr om the liquor store, the other from the pharmacy section of the grocery store. Sugar (sucrose)- Granulated white table sugar, from the grocery store.Flour- Flour is used to make a  paste and as a building material, as in the chemical volcano.Alum- Sold with spices.Calcium Chloride- Sold as a laundry booster or road salt (de-icer).Bromothymol blue pH indicator- Sold in water test kits for aquaria and swimming pools.Phenolphthalein pH indicator- This chemical is used in color-change and disappearing ink projects.Sodium hydroxide (lye)- Sold as a drain cleaner in the plumbing section of some hardware stores. Keep away from children. Its not used in a lot of projects, so consider it optional. Its used where a strong base is needed.Glycerin- Sold in the pharmacy section or in craft stores. Used to make bubbles, mainly.Rock salt or sea salt- Sold with spices. Sometimes you want sodium chloride with other trace elements.Lemon juice- Found near produce, usually. You can make invisible ink with lemon juice.Metamucil- Sold in pharmacies.Milk of magnesia- Sold in pharma cies.Dishwashing detergent- For hand washing, not dishwashing machines. Copper wire- You want the type without any insulation or coating.Galvanized nails- These are nails that have been coated with zinc.Mineral oil- Baby oil is mineral oil. The added fragrance isnt a problem.Citric acid- Sold with canning supplies.Vegetable oil- You can use safflower oil. Any cooking-grade vegetable oil is fine.Steel wool- Found with cleaning supplies.Iodine stain- Its easiest to order this from a chemical supply company or try to buy some from a local school. Its used primarily in projects that test for the presence of starch.Unflavored gelatin- Found with its flavored relatives.

Why I Am Not Going to Buy a Computer by Wendell Berry Essay

Why I Am Not Going to Buy a Computer by Wendell Berry - Essay Example As a writer, I would have to sacrifice an association that I am dependent upon and that I treasure.† However, people should not reject the new technology to use the less advanced typewriters and pencils. The current and future work-related opportunities depend on computers. The chart for â€Å"Projected STEM Job Growth 2010-2020† indicates a seventy percent increase in the jobs that will require advanced technology. People will need skills in more advanced technologies than the pencils and typewriters to work in the computer industry. For example, it will be necessary for the prospective workforce to know how to use the advanced technology to execute different tasks. In addition to the job prospects in the computer industry, the contemporary world uses computers in every aspect of life, and people of different age brackets utilize the current technology. The chart for â€Å"Daily Computer Use by Age Group† shows us that the use of new technology has increased by t wenty-five percent across all age groups. For instance, people use the modern technology such as the instant messaging service and Skype to communicate with their peers in different localities. Thus, the high use of computers indicates that the typewriters and pencils are less helpful in the current and future world.  

Freedom Writers and the Economics of Race and Gender Essay - 1

Freedom Writers and the Economics of Race and Gender - Essay Example It also touches upon the economics of race and gender. On a cursory viewing the story looks deceptively simple. But when the storyline, screenplay and other nuances in the film are observed, numerous interpretations are made available. Embedded within it are themes of economics, especially that applying to race and gender. Moreover, what comes through the narrative is the strength of character and commitment shown by Erin Gruwell as she undertakes to set right a challenging group of students. For example, â€Å"She encounters a diverse but segregated community so racially charged, hostile and potentially combustible that she likens it to Nazi Germany. Without the support of her administrators (played by Imelda Staunton and others) and the school system, which views teenagers more as threats than scholars, Miss Gruwell devises her own methods for reaching students. She begins educating them about other young people who've endured wars, like Anne Frank, and simultaneously gives them journals so that they can tell their own stories, thus, giving each person a voice and a sense of value.† (Mayo, 2007, p.43) Another test of character and commitment for Erin was the divisions within the classroom on the basis of race, ethnicity and class. The term 'Economics of Gender and Race' is usually employed by economists to talk about disparities in income and work opportunities among different races and the two genders. In the American context, these disparities are skewered in favor of white Americans, especially the White Anglo Saxon Protestant (WASP) group. The whites generally have a head-start in terms of standard of living they are born into, career opportunities they can avail of, neighborhoods they can inhabit, etc. Also, on average, whites earn more income than other minority groups. A similar disparity exists among the genders, where males are favored for both positions of high office and in the incomes they earn. In the movie Freedom Writers, the classroom under the charge of Erin Gruwell is a representative collage of these realities. There we see white pupils born to well-to-do parent s (who also perform better in exams) contrasted against pupils from minority communities such as blacks and Hispanics, who are projected to be disorganized and less disciplined (indicative of their socio-economic backgrounds). The microcosm of the classroom is a reflection of larger realities in American society. The semblance to reality is all the more so because the movie was based on the real life story of an American teacher of the same name – Erin Gruwell; and the school she works for Wilson High School. (Pimentel, 2010, p.51) Hence only a person of impeccable force of character and commitment could have overcome these many disparities and bring out the creative energies. Any other ordinary teacher in Erin’s place would have utterly failed in uniting and pacifying the group of students. What moves the story forward are a) a racially motivated shoot-out involving members of the class and b) the interception by Erin of a racially-loaded drawing in the classroom boar d. This is a crucial juncture in the movie from where the students will embark on a creative, developmental journey. Instead of indulging themselves in gang-wars and wasting their lives, by recording and exchanging their experiences they would gain insights into other perspectives and viewpoints. Erin struggles to procure necessary stationary for students' writing projects - since the class is largely comprised of minority students, their lower socio-economic background meant that they cannot buy stationary supplies with their own money. Erin’s out-of-the-box thinking helps her to transform the attitude of her pupils. The proof of her