Review Of Related Literature And Studies - 1438 Words

Chapter 2 Review of Related Literature and Studies This part of the study contains related literature and studies after the thorough and in-depth research of the researcher. Related Literatures come from both Foreign and Local published literatures that became the basis for the researcher to pursue this study. Related Studies come from both Foreign and Local Studies that has relationship or in relation on her study. Foreign Literature Culture-shaping is a methodological and comprehensive approach in helping an organization transform from top to bottom. According to Delaney (2011), a transformation starts individually. It will become the foundation in building a healthy high-performance organization. After which, the team is the middle group that needs behavioral changed. These two, individuals and team, once aligned with the company’s mission and vision have now understand the thriving purpose of culture-shaping for high-performance organization. The above mentioned methodologies of changing the behaviors individually and then team are what comprise the so-called Human Operating System. It is a common understanding that makes interaction more productive and healthier ways. Human Operating System has four pronged principles that premise the process to make everyone sees the world differently. The first principle is the Energy. Managing personal energy is a subjective yet powerful t erm. Positive energy poses an increase of power for both the provider andShow MoreRelatedReview of Related Literature and Studies1403 Words   |  6 PagesCHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES Studies rely on information researched by the proponents. Review of Related Literature In exploration, we find new techniques, new knowledge, even develop new substances, gadgets, equipment, processes or procedures, imagination and skill is employed by the researcher. The commodities, new devices, services, in technology are needs of man for a better fuller life which is the concern of the research. These useful arts are the products of the technologicalRead MoreReview Of Related Literature And Studies Essay1585 Words   |  7 PagesCHAPTER 2 Review of Related Literature and Studies This part of the study contains related literature and studies after the thorough and in-depth research of the researcher. Related literatures come from both foreign and local published literatures that became the basis for the researcher to pursue this study. Related studies come from both foreign and local studies that has relationship or in relation on her study. Foreign Literature Culture-shaping is a methodological and comprehensive approachRead MoreReview of Related Literature and Studies1069 Words   |  5 PagesCHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES LOCAL LITERATURE Josefina Estolas in the book Fundamentals of Research (1995). In exploration, we find new techniques, new knowledge, even develop new substances, gadgets, equipment, processes or procedures, imagination and skill is employed by the researcher. The commodities, new devices, services, in technology are needs of man for a better fuller life which is the concern of the research. These useful arts are the products of the technologicalRead MoreReview of Related Literature and Studies3079 Words   |  13 PagesREVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES Several studies have been conducted here and abroad which have a direct and indirect bearing on the subject to be investigated in this study. A brief review of the related literature and studies are presented hereunder. Literature In the present educational system, studies based on the achievement levels of elementary and secondary students revealed that the equality of education has deteriorated over the years. In a recent UNESCO statistics Barsaga (2000)Read MoreReview Of Related Literature And Studies1921 Words   |  8 PagesCHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES Various publications and studies related to the topic being studied were read and analyzed by the researcher to support the claims presented by this study. 2.1 Mobile Robot According to Al-Sahib (2015), the term robot is derived from the Czech word â€Å"robota† which means forced labor. Goris (2004) also said that a robot can be defined as a device that can execute automated tasks, either with the influence of direct human control, or a set of generalRead MoreRelated Literature and Review of Related Studies for Fertilizer1803 Words   |  8 PagesChapter II Review of Related Literature and Studies Related Literature Polystyrene Commonly known as Styrofoam that is one of the most widely used type of plastics. It is a strong  plastic  created from erethylene and benzine that can be injected, extruded, or blow molded; making it a very useful and versatile manufacturing material. It is also a rigid, transparent thermoplastic, which is present in solid or glassy state at normal temperature. But, when heated above its glass transition temperatureRead MoreReview of Related Literature and Studies (Autism)4684 Words   |  19 PagesCHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES This chapter presents the review of related literature and studies for both foreign and local underlying the framework of the study. Synthesis was also created based from the gathered information and facts in literature and studies. FOREIGN LITERATURES According to the study of the orbitofrontal–amygdala circuit and self-regulation of social–emotional behavior in autism that. Autism is centrally characterized by developmental disruption in social–emotionalRead MoreChapter2: Review of Related Literature and Studies1861 Words   |  8 PagesChapter II Review of Related Literature and Studies This chapter presents the literature and related studies which have direct bearing on this study. It also discusses the values reflected in the proverbs and the proverb as a reflection of Filipino character, its function in the society, its nature and purpose, its stylistic peculiarity and its significance in Filipino culture. Folklore Prof. Damiana Eugenio (2002), a renowned Filipina folklorist, said that there is no universally acceptedRead MoreImportant Consideration in Making a Research Paper820 Words   |  4 Pagesmost important early steps in a research project is the conducting of the literature review. This is also one of the most humbling experiences youre likely to have. Why? Because youre likely to find out that just about any worthwhile idea you will have has been thought of before, at least to some degree. I frequently have students who come to me complaining that they couldnt find anything in the literature that was related to their topic. And virtually every time they have said that, I was ableRead MoreA Literature Review : The Walden University Library Essay1070 Words   |  5 PagesA literature review is an interpretation of arrays of circulating articles written by the scholar-authors’ of researchers related to several topics. A literature search for evidence-based research can be over powering. The Walden University library illuminates on the superlative quality of evidence-based research and which databases to utilize with research searches. Filtered resources are the superlative quality of studies related to evidence-based practice and encompasses systemic reviews, critically

How Long Can Northern Telecom Limited Survive Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1892 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Cause and effect essay Did you like this example? Nortel Networks is a telecommunication equipment manufacturer. Its corporate life in 1895, Nortel produce the traditional phone in Canada, as few years after Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone. Originally part of the Bell Telephone, it morphed into Northern Telecom and finally Nortel. Figure 1: The telephone that born in Canada, 1894 Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "How Long Can Northern Telecom Limited Survive Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Major changes began at Nortel in 1997 as John Roth was elected to be the new CEO. He figured out that the market of telecommunication is shifting from voice to the internet. One of their great inventions is the frame-relay network equipment that has been used all over the world. In Malaysia, Telekom Malaysia has using the equipment for more than 10 years. It also was being used by the multinational companies, banks and insurance firm. But what happen now, most of the equipments are already at the end of life, and many firm have been migrated to other networking technologies. Nortel equipments are not compatible with the new technologies. Because of that, many carriers are using the other equipment produced by the competitors and Nortels sales are decreasing. Unlike other companies, notably airlines, that have used bankruptcy protection to renew their businesses, Nortel, which began this decade as one of the worlds largest makers of telecommunications equipment, is probably headed for liquidation, several analysts said. I dont think its going to exist, said Mark Sue, an analyst with RBC Capital Markets, a unit of theÂÂ  Royal Bank of Canada. Incident that happens to Nortel would be one of the biggest failures in the telecommunication industry. Nortel had produced much of the fibre optic equipment that now carries most of the Internets data during 1990s. Nortels misery went beyond finances. In the market for interworking devices,ÂÂ  JuniperÂÂ  and others proved to be more innovative and can perform better. Nortel have to file for court protection just a day before the due to make the debt payment for about US$107 millions. By doing so, it give the company more chance to look for the restructuring options or sell off their assets. Nortel said in a release that it had been in the process of a turnaround since late 2005, but the global financial crisis and recession have compounded Nortels financial challenges and directly impacted its ability to complete the transformation. Nortel must be put on a sound financial footing once and for all, the president and chief executive, Mike S. Zafirovski, said in a statement. These actions are imperative so that Nortel can build on its core strengths and become the highly focused and financially sound leader in the communications industry. Tragedies that happen to Nortel make their customers queries about the continuity of support from the company. Nortels competitors try to exploit that uneasiness by offering Nortel customers attractive deals to the alternative equipments. It is also unclear if Nortel will be able to sell any of its operating units to raise cash for a corporate revival. Nortels US$4.5 billion in debt is largely from the result of an acquisition spree by the company during the 1990s. The government of Canada offered Nortel some support. Export Development Canada, a government-owned bank and insurer, has agreed to provide the company with up to US$30 million in loans for the next 30 days. Currently, Nortel is obtaining further extension of stay under the Companies Creditors Arrangement Act. The stay of proceeding was granted by the Canadian Court for further extend to October 29, 2010. The reason of doing that is to provide stability to the company to continue with their divestiture and other restructuring efforts. . INTERNET BUBBLE The internet bubble or sometimes called IT bubble was aÂÂ  provisional bubbleÂÂ  happening between 1995 and 2000, with a climax on March 10, 2000 (refer to Figure 1). During that time, stock marketsÂÂ  in industrialized nations saw their equity value rise rapidly from growth in the more recentÂÂ  Internet sectorÂÂ  and related IT fields. Figure 1: The technology-heavy NASDAQ Composite index peaked at 5,048 in March 2000, reflecting the internet bubble In order to be aggressive in market, Nortel made big investment in high-speed fibre optic system in 1993 and leading the industry. In the late 1990s, Nortel grew for about 100% per annum. The company wanted to dictate the rising market for networking. This had to be done by trying to renovate the old technology to a modern Internet Protocol technology based firm, but those skills were beyond the Nortels expertise. Nortel pay an enormous price for acquiring Bay Networks in 1998 to obtain these skills. It also bought Alteon Websystems for US$7 billion, even though the firm had revenue for only US$200 million; the price must be regarded as expensive. As the internet uprising created substantial growth in fibre optic equipment, Nortel grew rapidly and so did its stock. At its height, Nortel accounted for more than a third of the total valuation of all the companies listed on Toronto Stock Exchange. It has expanded rapidly and entered the new markets. Thought the company paid a huge price for these acquisitions, it failed miserably in integrating them and transforming its business into IP routing. As a large and old firm, Nortel never really embraced the IP shift in the marketplace and then the market bubble burst in 2000 and 2001. The recession was particularly hard on companies like Nortel, which had paid excessive prices for firms which were never really absorbed. Nortel had paid US$2.1 billion for Clarify Inc. in 1999, but this firm was sold in 2001 for only US$200 million. In the bubble years, Nortel had about 95,000 employees, but 60,000 of them being fired due to its financial crisis. Figure 2: Nortel performance LIQUIDATION Nortel was the first giant in the technology industry that facing bankruptcy issue during this global downturn. On January 14, 2009, Nortel filed for protection from creditors, in the United States underÂÂ  Chapter 11 of the United States Bankruptcy Code, in Canada under theÂÂ  Companies Creditors Arrangement Act, and in the United Kingdom under theÂÂ  Insolvency Act 1986. Nortel had an interest payment of $107 million due the next day, approximately 4.6% of its cash reserves of approximately $2.3 billion. The share price for Nortel fell more than 79% on theÂÂ  Toronto Stock Exchange after the announcement. A government agency in Canada, EDC had agreed to provide up to C$30 million in short-term financing through an existing bonding facility, however the Canadian government resisted characterizing its position on Nortel as a bailout. Nortel initially hoped to re-emerge from bankruptcy, so that it paid out retention bonuses to almost 1,000 of their top executives, totalling up to US$45 million, drawing criticism as the company withheld severance payments to employees laid-off prior to the creditor protection filing. TheÂÂ  worsening recession and drop in stock marketsÂÂ  deterring potential companies from bidding for Nortels assets, and many of Nortels major customers reconsidering their relationships with the restructuring company. In June, 2009 Nortel announced that it no longer planned to emerge from bankruptcy protection, and would seek buyers for all of its business units. After announcing it planned to sell off all of its assets, Nortel shares were delisted from theÂÂ  Toronto Stock ExchangeÂÂ  on June 26, 2009 at a price of US$0.185 per share, down from its high in 2000 when it comprised a third of the SP/TSX composite index.ÂÂ   Nortel handed out US$14.2 million in cash compensation to seven executives in 2009. Nortel also paid out US$1.4 million to 10 former and current directors, and paid US$140 million to lawyers, pension, human resources and financial experts helping to oversee the companys bankruptcy proceedings. In February 2010, Ernst Young, the court-appointed monitor of Nortels Canadian bankruptcy proceedings, reported that the assets of Nortels Health and Welfare Trust had a shortfall of US$37 million in its net assets as of December 31, 2008. The trust supports pensioners medical, dental and life insurance benefits, as well as income support for some groups such as long-term disability recipients. CRITISM CONTROVERSY In 2003 Nortel have paid US$10 million in so-called return to profitability bonuses, largely to the selected group of their top management. The return to profitability was a fabrication that achieved by the release of US$490 million in reserves to boost earnings. There was criticism to Nortel since the company suspended the unemployment payment to employees laid-off prior to the creditor protection filing. When Nortel entered protection from creditors proceedings in 2009, it paid out the retention bonuses to almost 1,000 top executives, totalling up to US$45 million. The company also make additional thousands of lay-off without severance, and the pension fund remained underfunded, but it can pay US$14.2 million in cash to seven executives. Nortel also paid $1.4 million to ten former and current directors, and paid $140 million to lawyers, pension, human resources and financial experts helping to oversee the companys bankruptcy proceedings. Figure 3: Nortel pensioner line up for an information session Nortel proposed to spend US$92.3 million on retention bonuses for 1,475 employees in its Nortel Business Services and Corporate groups, in the United States court filing on February 11, 2010. Christopher Ricaurte, the president of Nortel Business Services, will receive US$2.5 million in incentives according to the plan. In all, Canadian employees are eligible for US$27 million, United States employees getting US$55 million, and about US$10 million will go to others. This proposed plan came the same week Nortel negotiated a US$57 million deal to wind up health care and other benefits for former Canadian employees. Claiming that the retention bonuses proposal is extraordinary, acting US trustee, Roberta DeAngelis, objected to the payment of US$555.6 million to 866 employees. However, court appointed representatives for Nortel former employees, who are creditors in the Ontario bankruptcy court, haveÂÂ  signed an agreementÂÂ  to not oppose any employee incentive program. The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and the Ontario Securities Commission (OSC) have announced the legal proceedings against Frunk Dunn, the former CEO of Nortel and three other former senior executives in March 2007. The SEC accused the four of civil fraud relating to Nortels accounting and its restatements. While, the OSC alleged that Dunn and two others broke securities laws by making material misstatements. CONCLUSION As we entered the new millennium, corporate distress and bankruptcy were no longer a niche area of corporate evolution. Indeed the bankruptcy rate of U.S. corporations reached record proportions in 2001/2002, with as many as 77 large corporation filing for protection under Chapter 11 of the bankruptcy code with liabilities more than US$1 billion. Telecommunication firms lead the way, followed by the airlines, steel companies and so on. Bad financial management is one of the Nortels problem, but the root cause to the bankruptcy is Nortel not succeed to evolve with their customers changing needs. Nortel was actually very good at develop and anticipating industry change from 1970s to 1990s, but it failed to address the single dominant change after that. The commoditization of technology brought on by the Internet Protocol technology and the appearance of Chinese competitor like Huawei worsen the problem. Telecommunication operators are looking for the cheaper equipment, so that they can compete with others. There are many telecommunication suppliers nowadays and each company has the business strategy to survive in the industry. All of them have the distinctive business strategy to ensure their continued existence. But, Nortel is at the other side as it cannot cope with what the market need. Current demands for the telecommunication equipment are the one that hi-tech and reliable. However, the price usually becomes the first priority in the selection.

The French Revolution Explain the Significance of the...

Alfred Cobban stats in his text, In Search for Humanity, that, â€Å"The consequences of the Revolution were so momentous for Europe at the time, and for the whole world subsequently, that it has cast a shadow over the whole of modern history.† The French Revolution brought about significant changes in society and government of France. The revolution, which lasted from 1789 to 1799, also had extending effects on the rest of Europe. It introduced democratic ideals to France but did not make the nation a democracy. However, it did end the supreme rule by French kings and strengthened the middle class. It was motivated by the ideas of liberty, equality and fraternity and led to the growth of political liberalism and nationalism in France. At the†¦show more content†¦By September 1791, the National Assembly believed that the revolution was over. It disbanded to make way for the newly elected Legislative Assembly. The new Assembly, made up of mainly middle class representatives, opened on October 1, 1791. It soon faced several challenges. Louis XVI remained opposed to the revolution. Public opinion became bitterly divided regarding the new government, religious policy and opposition to the revolution. The new government also faced a foreign threat. In April 1972, it went to war against Austria and Prussia. The foreign armies defeated French forces in the early fighting and invaded France. The King and other opposition forces clearly wanted the foreign forces to win, in response, the revolutionaries demanded the King be dethroned. In August 1792, the people of Paris took custody of Louis XVI and his family and imprisoned them, ending the constitutional monarchy that existed. Meanwhile, the French military suffered more defeats and the Parisians also feared an uprising by the large number of people in the city’s prisons. A massacre of 1000 prisoners in September 1792 turned many people in France and Europe against the revolution. The King’s removal had a considerable impact as it led to a new stage in the revolution. It went from being a middle class reform movement based on a constitutional monarchy, to being organised around principles of democracy. The national conventionShow MoreRelatedNationalism and Transnationalism in the Context of the European Union28567 Words   |  115 PagesNationalism and Transnationalism In the context of the European Union (†¦) History says, ‘Don t hope On this side of the grave.’ But then, once in a lifetime The longed-for tidal wave Of justice can rise up, And hope and history rhyme. So hope for a great sea-change On the far side of revenge. Believe that a further shore Is reachable from here. Believe in miracles And cures and healingRead MoreScope of Demography8788 Words   |  36 Pagesthe citystates of Renaissance Italy. Birth rates were treated as either constant or meaningless and little attempt was made to measure them until shortly before the recent fertility transition. Modern demography had to await the development of a scientific outlook and counts of population and vital events that were reasonably complete. These conditions began to be realized during the second half of the seventeenth century in Britain, where the Royal Society was founded in 1660 with two of the fathersRead MoreReceived Pronunciation: Historical Background and Application17580 Words   |  71 Pagesdescriptions have been published of this style, and endless material has been produced on its status, significance, and ongoing changes. Descriptions have almost exclusively been of the segmental order, and it’s debatable whether this does justice to any speech style. Traditionally, RP is a manufactured accent of English which was published as â€Å"the everyday speech of families of Southern English persons whose men folk have been educated at the great public boarding schools† (Daniel Jones 1965). The actualityRead MoreContemporary Issues in Management Accounting211377 Words   |  846 Pagesacademic spheres in accounting, I sense that the two worlds have less and less to do with one another. It is therefore ever more important to reflect on the contributions which Michael Bromwich has made. He played an important role in the diffusion of modern practices of capital investment appraisal in the United Kingdom. He has been constantly open to the insights which advances in economic theory can provide into the accounting art, in many areas pushing at the frontiers of international knowledge in

The Industrial Revolution through the Eyes of Charles Dickens

The Industrial Revolution generated the perception that applying solely logic to everyday activities could maximize productivity and efficiency. Charles Dickens explores the dangers of neglecting emotions and imagination in his novel Hard Times. Dickens separates Hard Times into three books: Sowing, Reaping and Garnering in order to reveal the negative consequences of industrialization and forsaking imagination for facts through the events, settings, and characters in the novel. In Book the First: Sowing, Dickens introduces the destructiveness of the wrong kind of education on innocent minds. The schoolmaster Mr. Gradgrind refuses to face reality by insisting on addressing Sissy Jupe by her formal name and changing Mr. Jupe’s occupation to one less involved with â€Å"fancy† (Dickens 7-8). The classroom, â€Å"a plain, bare, monotonous vault† and Mr. Gradgrind’s rigid, square, and dry appearance reflect the stringent, detached teachings of his philosophy (Dickens 6). The name Gradgrind epitomizes what his beliefs have made of him: a â€Å"fact machine,† a grinder of fact. In Chapter 2 â€Å"Murdering the Innocents†, Dickens compares Gradgrind to a loaded canon â€Å"prepared to blow [the children] clean out of the regions of childhood at one discharge† (Dickens 7). The metaphor reiterates the damage Gradgrind’s philosophy can cause, including slaughtering the imagination of children. Gradgrind’s ideology sickens his wife, a â€Å"little, thin, white, pink−eyed bundle of shawls, of surpassing feebleness,Show MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Charles Dickens s Oliver Twist 905 Words   |  4 Pagesquite certain that the earliest use of the word realism referred to the faith full representation of the real world in the literature beginning from the 1850 s. Charles dickens is one among the greatest well-known representatives of the 19th century English critical realism. In Victorian England realism is greeted by the work of Dickens. In his work, Oliver Twist (1838), he uses realism to represent the harsh realities of life during his lifetime. It is his first novel in which he reflect on theRead MoreHow Does The Author Use Language From Present Scrooge s Unpleasant Personality?1376 Words   |  6 PagesHow does the author use language to present Scrooge s unpleasant personality? Charles dickens uses insults to portray Scrooge s unpleasant personality. This can be alluded from Stave 1 in the novel where Scrooge can be seen snubbing the charity workers who came seeking for a donation. If they would rather die, [...] they had better do it, and decrease the surplus population., such insult allows the reader to comprehend that Scrooge is nothing more than a greedy man who solely believes that theRead MoreDickens Hard Times1535 Words   |  7 PagesDickens’ Hard Times â€Å"Now, what I want is, Facts. Teach these boys and girls nothing but Facts. Facts alone are wanted in life.† (Dickens, 1854, p.1) With these beginning sentences of the novel â€Å"Hard Times†, Charles Dickens has made readers doubt whether it is true that facts alone are wanted in life. This question leads to the main theme of the story, fact against fancy, that author has never been written this kind of plot in his other stories before. In fact, Hard Times is considered as theRead MoreCharles Dickens was one of the Brightest and Most Influential Writers of His Time1325 Words   |  5 Pages The British writer Charles Dickens was one of the brightest and most influential people of his time. His many writings, including Great Expectations and A Christmas Carol, have been efficacious in many lives and have created a legacy of classics that will be read forever. Dickens, who was born in Portsmouth, England, was raised in a poor family, in which he had to work instead of attending school. Although not being able to go to school was detrimental to Charles, it gave him a chance to begin hisRead MoreThe Effect s Of Industrialization On English Towns Essay1730 Words   |  7 PagesHard Times symbolizes the negative effects of industrialization on English towns (Coketown in the story) including education. Charles Dickens was born in 1812, and was a contemporary of the Industrial Revolution. Industries were growing by leaps and bounds; bringing with it pollution, social imbalance and individual confusion. Dickens was rather poor and had no proper education. At the age of 12 he worked in Warren’s Blacking Factory attaching labels to bottles. He labored hard to educate himselfRead MoreGreat Expectations by Charles Dickens Essay860 Words   |  4 PagesQueen Victoria was crowned. The Industrial Revolution also started in this era. Cities started to form and become heavily populated. In the novel, Great Expectations, Charles Dickens had the main character, Pip, live in two different life styles in the Victorian Era. Pip lived with both the poor and the rich population. Both life style s are very different and placing Pip in both societies helped to show that, while the wealthy people benefited from the industrial revolution, the poor people often paidRead MoreEssay on Historical People from the Victorian Era876 Words   |  4 Pagesculturally changed from rationalism from the prior era (Georgian period) toward â€Å"romanticism and mysticism with regard to religion, social values, and arts.† This was also a time of peace in international relationships and economic, colonial and industrial growth. The two most important in politics were the prime ministers Gladstone and Disraeli. Gladstone was a liberal and Disraeli was a conservatist. With their different views â€Å"they changed the course of history†. The population of England roseRead More Vivid Images of Character and Place in the Opening Chapter To Dickens Great Expectations1146 Words   |  5 PagesVivid Images of Character and Place in the Opening Chapter To Dickens Great Expectations The opening chapter to Great Expectations introduces Pip who is the main protagonist in the story. He is an orphan and lives with his sister Mrs Joe Gargery and her husband who is a blacksmith. The story is set in the graveyard in the time of the Industrial Revolution. In the opening chapter we also see Pip being introduced to a convict who is very poor but very rude to the child. TheRead MoreOliver Twist Characterization of the Criminal Mind In Charles Dickens novel, Oliver Twist,1600 Words   |  7 PagesTwist Characterization of the Criminal Mind In Charles Dickens novel, Oliver Twist, Dickens portrays the hardships of people in poverty during the Victorian era through Oliver and various characters throughout the novel. Oliver is born into a workhouse with no name where he is starved, beaten, and treated like a prisoner during the first ten years of his life. Dickens makes all his characters in the novel â€Å"†¦either a jailor or a prisoner, like Dickens himself both, the author and his turn key† (Lepore)Read MoreA Lack of Charity Essay example1718 Words   |  7 PagesIn Charles Dickens’s books, Oliver Twist and A Christmas Carol, the theme of lack of charity is pronounced. Throughout Oliver Twist, society turns a â€Å"cold shoulder† to those in need of help (Miller 30). The Victorian England society prohibits inhabitants of the lower social realms from moving up in society. Rarely do lower class members receive attention, and the attention they do receive is far from par (Reeves). Ebenezer Scro oge, the main character of A Christmas Carol, learns to be charitable

Constructed On Decisions Made Management †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Constructed On Decisions Made Management? Answer: Introducation An organization is constructed on decisions made by its management. Therefore, the process of decision making is an important part of an entity, if in any way the decision is stated to be wrong then the output may not be appropriate and may result in a huge loss to the company in the form of revenue or reputation. Decision means to reach the conclusion of any scenario only after examining various fields of action and choosing the most suitable option. The main target of decision making is to keep up with its goals. Decision making requires constant focus as business environment is never static. As soon as one problem is eliminated, the second one comes up and this process continues (Berman, Knight and Case, n.d.).. The process of corporate decision-making in an entity takes place at different levels, whether above the bottom or below the top. The implementation of corporate decision-making is made to be done by its implementers because decisions are only effective when they are being carried out in the best possible manner (Bruner, Eades and Schill, 2017). Implementing large plans may be meaningless if no obligation will be presented by middle and lower management. Therefore, it is very important for the management to maintain a good and healthy relationship with its middle and lower level of management. Hence, corporate decisions are successful till the point it has the power to bond which helps the leaders to be encouraged and maintain stability, otherwise, the institution gets trapped in its own trick which leads to degradation of the competition in the market (TULSIAN, 2016). Capital Budgeting refers to the calculation of various expenses or investments, which are huge in nature. The invest ment and expenses which need to be calculated contain projects like marketing of new plant or long term investments. By capital budgeting, cash inflows and outflows for a lifetime are being formed so that it can be evaluated to know if the potential return is meeting the assigned target or benchmark. It is also known as 'investment appraisal'. For an enterprise, it facilitates the use of all opportunities and projects, but because of the limited availability of capital at a particular point of time, it forces the management to use capital budgeting to evaluate the maximum return on all available items at a particular time.Capital budgeting contains various methods like internal rate of return (IRR), discounted cash flow (DCF), net present value (NPV) and payback period. They may be defined in the following manner: DCF Analysis: This examination is similar to the NPV analysis because it takes into account the initial cash outflows which are needed to fund a project, cash inflows and other future outflows in the form of servicing and other expenses. Such costs have been discounted to the current date and thus the resulting number is called NPV (Clarke and Clarke, 1990). NPV: It is the distinction between the present value conditions of the cash inflow and the outflow is used by capital budgeting to determine the profitability of the project or long term investment.The positive NVP indicates the expected return after exceeds the cost, and the negative NPV indicates a financial loss of the firm (Fairhurst, 2015). As an example A and B are two different projects with different structures of cash flow and the rate of return required, and then the NVP of the cash will be as follows. Year A B 0 -80000 -80000 1 20000 - 2 24000 - 3 20000 - 4 27000 65000 5 30000 75000 Required rate of Return 12% NPV of Project A Year Cash Flow Present Value of Cash Flows 0 -80000 -80,000 1 20000 17,857 2 24000 19,133 3 20000 14,236 4 27000 17,159 5 30000 17,023 NPV 5,407 NPV of Project B Year Cash Flow Present Value of Cash Flows 0 -80000 -80000 1 - - 2 - - 3 - - 4 65000 41,309 5 75000 42,557 NPV 3,866 It is a form of capital budgeting method which specifies the time period of discontinuing the initial expense by discounting future cash flows and the time value of money.The rule states that the project will be taken with the discounted payback period offered against the target period (Taylor, 2008). IRR: IRR can be defined as the interest rate at which NVP of all the cash flows is zero for a given project or long term investment. This can be used to measure the attractiveness of the investments. The rule says that if the project issatisfactory, then the IRR of a new project will exceed the required rate of return fixed by the company (Galbraith, Downey and Kates, 2002). From the same example that is taken for NPV we are also calculating IRR: For Project A: For Calculation of IRR, Inflow=Outflow Let be IRR 14.50% then PV of Inflows Year Cash Flow Present Value of Cash Flows 1 20000 17,467 2 24000 18,306 3 20000 13,323 4 27000 15,709 5 30000 15,244 80,049 Therefore, at 14.50% Pv of Inflows = PV of Outflows (80,000). Hence IRR is 14.50% For Project B: For Calculation of IRR, Inflow=Outflow Let be IRR 13.15% then PV of Inflows Year Cash Flow Present Value of Cash Flows 1 - - 2 - - 3 - - 4 65000 39,655 5 75000 40,438 80,093 Therefore, at 13.15% Pv of Inflows = PV of Outflows (80,000). Hence IRR is 13.15% Capital budgeting techniques have the following importance: Evaluation of risk: Long-term investment or capital expenditure are costs that are identifiable and significant financial risks. Hence, capital budgeting is necessary for perfect planning. Choosing of the best course of action: It helps a company to select the perfect investment project, which will provide top possible returns based on examining each and every potential course of action. It concentrates on growing the stakeholder's wealth and also helps the company to gain an edge in the market (Shim and Siegel, 2008). Long run of the business: Besides reducing the costs, capital budgeting also helps in determining company's maximum profits. As it helps in determining the over or under investments, proper planning and analysis through capital budgeting help to stabilize business for long run activities Irreversible Investments: It requires huge investments even after the funds being limited. The firm does not have an option of recovering the fund or decision, so, it is advised to carefully make a decision on investment of money by analyzing and summarizing all the possible aspects which may create a problem in near future (Hassani, 2016).Various types of capital budgeting techniques are present. They are as follows: Sensitivity Analysis: It is a type of analysis for determining the results of a decision using a different range of variables. Analysts define variables in dependable variables due to the different values of separate variables that constitute certain constant conditions. This is also called as what if analysis. Any type of decision like family matter or corporate level decisions may require analysis for proper functioning. In simple words, it means determining the sensitivity in output because of change in one input keeping other inputs constant. The steps for conducting sensitivity analysis are as follows: There is a defined base case output; like NPV at some particular point has an input value (V1) for which sensitivity is to be measured keeping all other input values constant. A new value of input helps to find the value of output keeping other input values same. After that, the % change in output and input is calculated. Dividing the %change in output by the % change in input helps to calculate the sensitivity. All the above factors help to conclude by determining that higher the sensitivity figure is, the more sensitive output is to any change in that respective input and vice-versa. Scenario analysis: It is a process of determining the 'expected value' of an investment at a specific time after considering the specific changes in the factors such as fixed rate, interest rate, etc. As a strategy, this type of analysis needs an analyst to count different reinvestment rates for determining expected profit that is invested again and again in a specific period. This analysis, in general, determines the difference between the changes in the values of the portfolio in different situations and it also follows the rule of What If analysis. This assessment is used to determine the potential risk which consists within a given amount of investment as related to a different variety of potential events, which may have both high and low probabilities. By this analysis, an investor can determine the amount of risk he may undertake. There are many methods to determine it including one of the most common approaches called standard deviation of monthly or daily security returns an d then calculating the expected value of the portfolio if each savings generate income that are either two or three standard deviations below or above the average income. In this way, an analyst determines reasonable assurances about the change in the value of the portfolio in a particular time period (Holland and Torregrosa, 2008).It should be noted that the above two analysis are not the same. A better way to understand is to take an example. For example, an Equity Analyst wants to manage both sensitivity and scenario analysis to consider the impact of the Earning Per Share (EPS) impact on company's relative valuation using price to earnings (P / E) multiples. The valuation of Sensitivity analysis depends on the variables disturbing valuations, which may be shown by variables' value and EPS. With the help of this analysis, all the possible outcome ranges are being recorded. On a different note, scenario analysis is implemented by finding the outcomes based on a scenario (Khan and Jain, 2014). The analysts should try and set a specific scenario such as changing market conditions or industry regulations. Then he uses different variables of that same model that matches the scenario. If these things are gathered and combined, then there is a wide range of outcomes for the analyst to study with all the cases and different results that are used in different set of real-life perspectives. Break Even Analysis: The breakeven point of the company means a point where the company is making sufficient income to bear all the expenses taking place during that accounting period. By the definition, if a firms net revenue is zero, then there is no profit and no loss. It is important to mention that the company's debt settlement is not used to find breakeven points because the lending period is skeptical of the number of return periods for the initial investment, and the breakeven points are equivalent to revenue and expenses and total cost with zero net revenue (Saunders and Cornett, 2017). This analysis shows how much sales we need to pay off the cost of doing business. The following two points should be considered:Accounting breakeven analysis: An accounting breakeven total cost will be equal to the total revenue because of which the profit tends to be zero. This can be achieved by calculating the ratio of variable cost to sales. For example, the ratio is 0.65 so that means the contribution of every rupee of each unit sold is 0.35. Therefore the ratio of contribution margin is equal to 0.35. Hence, the breakeven point can be calculated using: BEP = (Fixed Cost + Depreciation) /Contribution Margin Ratio. If the depreciation is not added by us, the similar BEP is known as cash breakeven point. The project reached the solution of breakeven point and recognizes that there is zero return. So, only the invested value may be recovered. Financial breakeven analysis: An NPV breakeven takes place when the cash flow is equivalent to the initial investment which means NPV is zero (Palepu, Healy and Peek, 2016). So, to reach the breakeven point, analysts have made an analysis of reaching another level of sales, where the NPV of the project is zero. Simulation Analysis: The word 'simulation' implies imitation of a thing or some kind of action. Monte Carlo Simulation is a study of imitations of real materials or star of affairs or many different ways that represent the key feature of a random number using the system (Phillips, 2014). It basically adds up the level of dynamic analysis of the capital budget, because it is created in various different situations that are relevant to the analyst's key assumptions concerning risk. It considers the probability and interactions of variable variations of the data. The following steps need to be involved in this type of analysis: The variables need to be found out for both cash inflows and outflow (Reilly and Brown, 2012). The formula is referred to as associated with all variables and then, for each variable, a probability distribution will be needed to be determined.Now, a computer program will be developed so that one can randomly select a value from the probability distribution of each and every variable and defines the NPV of the project using this value.The outcome of this is not the result of single-value results, but a feasibility distribution of all potential returns. Simulation analysis is an effective tool that may be helpful to understand the depth of the capital budgeting so that the investment decisions can be improved. It is still unable to deal with the uncertainties (Saltelli, Chan and Scott, 2008). Also, such an analysis is not a remedy for all problems, such as significant inter-relationship scenarios in variables can lead to wrong consequences and misleading conclusions.Even capital budgeting is so important, still, it has certain limit ations in the corporate world. Some of them are as follows: Since it is a long-term perspective, it cannot be used for short-term effects. Also, if decisions made on the basis of capital budgeting are wrong, then the business may face adverse effects on the long-term basis of survival in the market. It leads to increase in operating costs. The inadequate and inaccurate investment makes the right budget and right capital formation difficult Such decisions usually include large amounts, and if decisions are taken, they need to be carefully crafted as it cannot be changed afterward. References Berman, K., Knight, J. and Case, J. (n.d.).Financial intelligence for HR professionals. Bruner, R., Eades, K. and Schill, M. (2017).Case studies in finance. Dubuque, IA: McGraw-Hill Education. Clarke, R. and Clarke, R. (1990). Strategic financial management. Homewood, Ill.: R.D. Irwin. Fairhurst, D. (2015).Using Excel for Business Analysis A Guide to Financial Modelling Fundamenta. John Wiley Sons. Galbraith, J., Downey, D. and Kates, A. (2002).Designing dynamic organizations. New York: AMACOM. Hassani, B. (2016).Scenario analysis in risk management. Cham: Springer International Publishing. Holland, J. and Torregrosa, D. (2008).Capital budgeting. [Washington, D.C.]: Congress of the U.S., Congressional Budget Office. Khan, M. and Jain, P. (2014).Financial management. New Delhi: McGraw Hill Education. Palepu, K., Healy, P. and Peek, E. (2016). Business analysis and valuation. Andover, Hampshire, United Kingdom: Cengage Learning EMEA. Phillips, J. (2014).Capm / pmp. New York: McGraw Hill. Reilly, F. and Brown, K. (2012).Investment analysis portfolio management. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. Saltelli, A., Chan, K. and Scott, E. (2008).Sensitivity analysis. Chichester: John Wiley Sons, Ltd. Saunders, A. and Cornett, M. (2017).Financial institutions management. New York: McGraw-Hill Education. Shim, J. and Siegel, J. (2008).Financial management. Hauppauge, N.Y.: Barron's Educational Series. Taylor, S. (2008).Modelling financial time series. New Jersey: World Scientific. TULSIAN, B. (2016).TULSIAN'S FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT FOR CA-IPC (GROUP-I). [S.l.]: S CHAND CO LTD

What would the world be without women free essay sample

Kookai, a French fashion label founded in 1983 by Jean-Lou Tepper, Jacques Nataf and Philippe de Hesdin. In 2004 their Australian clothing line ran a campaign asking the question â€Å"What would the world be without women? † In one particular advertisement we see a average man dressed in women’s clothing and holding a baby, with the question â€Å"What would the word be without women? † However the Australian clothing may have had the best intentions at heart to empower women and to challenge culture. This ad is asking questions about the role of women and the role of men; Are men co-dependent of women? Could the world survive without them? They may have very well done the opposite by stereotyping women even more. By creating these advertisements it is suggesting that men are not equipped to me motherly. That without women children would grow up in a different world. This might be so, however it is defining women by their role of motherhood. We will write a custom essay sample on What would the world be without women? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This causes the way that women look at this advertisement to change, it turns the question to ‘How would children survive without their mothers? ’ This is stereotyping that a women’s most important role is to make sure how the next generation grows up. This is not the only image that the Kookai campaign used. They also ran advertisements where average men are wearing more revealing clothing, however they are no longer holding the baby in their arms. With this advertisement Kookai is defining women by their looks by suggesting that the most important thing that women contribute to the world is sexiness and that the world would miss looking at women before they would miss anything else about them if the world had no more women. Although Kookai had their best intensions at heart to empower women and show that women play just as an important role as men, they stereotypically defined women in their two most common roles in the media; motherhood and being ‘sexy’. These types of advertisements contribute to culturally biased views on women and reinforce the stereotypes of women.